Table 2.
Major Bioactive Factors in Human Milk
| Component | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cells | ||
| Macrophages | Protection against infection, T-cell activation |
Jarvinen, 2002, Yagi, 2010, Ichikawa, 2003 |
| Stem cells | Regeneration and repair | Indumathi, 2012 |
| Immunoglobulins | ||
| IgA/sIgA | Pathogen binding inhibition |
Van de Perre, 2003, Cianga, 1999; Brandtzaeg, 2010; Kadaoui, 2007; Corthësy, 2009; Hurley, 2011; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011 |
| IgG | Anti-microbial, activation of phagocytosis (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3); anti-inflammatory, response to allergens (IgG4) |
Cianga, 1999; Agarwal, 2010 |
| IgM | Agglutination, complement activation | Brandtzaeg, 2010; Van de Perre, 1993; Agarwal, 2010 |
| Cytokines | ||
| IL-6 | Stimulation of the acute phase response, B cell activation, pro-inflammatory |
Ustundag, 2005; Meki, 2003; Mizuno, 2012; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011 |
| IL-7 | Increased thymic size and output | Aspinall, 2011; Ngom, 2004 |
| IL-8 | Recruitment of neutrophils, pro- inflammatory |
Claud, 2003; Ustundag, 2005; Meki, 2003; Maheshwari, 2002; Maheshwari, 2003; Maheshwari, 2004; Hunt, 2012; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011; Mehta, 2011 |
| IL-10 | Repressing Th1-type inflammation, induction of antibody production, facilitation of tolerance |
Meki, 2003; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011; Mehta, 2011 |
| IFNγ | Pro-inflammatory, stimulates Th1 response | Hrdý, 2012; Agarwal, 2010 |
| TGFβ | Anti-inflammatory, stimulation of T cell phenotype switch |
Penttila, 2010; Kalliomäki, 1999; Saito, 1993; Nakamura, 2009; Letterio, 1994; Ando, 2007; Ozawa, 2009; Donnet-Hughes, 2000; Verhasselt, 2008; Verhasselt, 2010; Penttila, 2003; Mosconi, 2010; Okamoto, 2005; Penttila, 2006; Peroni, 2009; McPherson, 2001; Ewaschuk, 2011; Castellote, 2011 |
| TNFα | Stimulates inflammatory immune activation | Rudloff, 1992; Ustundag, 2005; Erbağci, 2005; Meki, 2003; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011 |
| Chemokines | ||
| G-CSF | Trophic factor in intestines | Gilmore, 1994; Gersting, 2003; Calhoun, 2003; Gersting, 2004; |
| MIF | Macrophage Migratory Inhibitory Factor: Prevents macrophage movement, increases anti-pathogen activity of macrophages |
Magi, 2002; Vigh, 2011 |
| Cytokine Inhibitors | ||
| TNFRI and II | Inhibition of TNFα, anti-inflammatory | Buescher, 1998; Buescher, 1996; Meki, 2003; Castellote, 2011 |
| Growth Factors | ||
| EGF | Stimulation of cell proliferation and maturation |
Patki, 2012; Kobata, 2008; Hirai, 2002; Wagner, 2008; Dvorak, 2003; Dvorak, 2004; Chang, 2002; Khailova, 2009; Coursodon, 2012; Clark, 2004; Castellote, 2011; Untalan, 2009 |
| HB-EGF | Protective against damage from hypoxia and ischemia |
Radulescu, 2011 |
| VEGF | Promotion of angiogenesis and tissue repair | Loui, 2012; Ozgurtas, 2011 |
| NGF | Promotion of neuron growth and maturation |
Rodrigues, 2011; Boesmans 2008; Sánchez 1996; Fichter, 2011; |
| IGF | Stimulation of growth and development, increased RBCs and hemoglobin |
Chellakooty, 2006; Blum, 2002; Burrin 1997; Philipps, 2002; Milsom, 2008; Prosser, 1996; Elmlinger, 2007; Peterson, 2000; Murali, 2005; Corpeleijn, 2008; Baregamian, 2006; Baregamian, 2012; Büyükkayhan, 2003; Philipps, 2000; Kling, 2006; |
| Erythropoietin | Erythropoiesis, intestinal development | Carbonell-Estrany 2000; Juul, 2003; Kling, 2008; Miller-Gilbert, 2001; Pasha, 2008; Soubasi, 1995; Shiou, 2011; Arsenault, 2010; Miller, 2002; Untalan, 2009 |
| Hormones | ||
| Calcitonin | Development of enteric neurons | Struck, 2002; Wookey, 2012 |
| Somatostatin | Regulation of gastric epithelial growth | Chen, 1999; Rao, 1999; Gama, 1996 |
| Anti-microbial | ||
| Lactoferrin | Acute phase protein, chelates iron, anti- bacterial, anti-oxidant |
Adamkin, 2012; Sherman, 2004; Manzoni, 2009; Hirotani, 2008; Buccigrossi, 2007; Velona, 1999 |
|
Lactadherin/
MFG E8 |
Anti-viral, prevents inflammation by enhancing phagocytosis of apoptotic cells |
Stubbs, 1990; Kusunoki, 2012; Aziz, 2011; Shi, 2004; Chogle, 2011; Baghdadi, 2012; Peterson, 1998; Newburg, 1998; Shah, 2012; Miksa, 2006; Komura, 2009; Miksa, 2009; Wu, 2012; Matsuda, 2011; Silvestre, 2005 |
| Metabolic hormones | ||
| Adiponectin | Reduction of infant BMI and weight, anti- inflammatory |
Martin, 2006; Newburg, 2010; Woo, 2009; Woo, 2012; Ley, 2011; Dundar 2010; Ozarda, 2012; Savino, 2008; Weyerman, 2006 |
| Leptin | Regulation of energy conversion and infant BMI, appetite regulation |
Savino, 2008; Savino, 2012a; Savino 2012b; Palou, 2009; Weyermann, 2006 |
| Ghrelin | Regulation of energy conversion and infant BMI |
Savino, 2008; Savino, 2012; Dundar 2010 |
| Oligosaccharides & glycans | ||
| HMOS | Prebiotic, stimulating beneficial colonization and reducing colonization with pathogens; reduced inflammation |
Newburg, 2005; Morrow, 2005; DeLeoz, 2012; Marcoba, 2012; Kunz, 2012; Ruhaak, 2012; Bode, 2012 |
| Gangliosides | Brain development; anti-infectious | Wang B, 2012 |
| Glycosaminoglycans | Anti-infectious | Coppa, 2012; Coppa 2011 |
| Mucins | ||
| MUC1 | Block infection by viruses and bacteria |
Ruvoen-Clouet, 2006; Liu, 2012; Sando, 2009; Saeland, 2009; Yolken, 1992 |
| MUC4 | Block infection by viruses and bacteria | Ruvoen-Clouet, 2006; Liu, 2012; Chaturvedi, 2008 |