Table 2.
Adjusteda mean (standard error) of bone mineral density and hip structure analysis (HSA) indices by race/ethnicity
| Caucasian (n=966) | African-American (n=517) | Chinese (n=220) | Japanese (n=239) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| DXA – Femoral Neck | ||||||
| BMD (g/cm2) | 0.82 (0.003) | 0.90 (0.005)e | 0.83 (0.08) | 0.83 (0.007) | ||
| BMAD (g/cm3) | 0.17 (0.001) | 0.19 (0.001)e | 0.18 (0.002)d | 0.17 (0.002) | ||
| BMC (g) | 3.91 (0.02) | 4.19 (0.03)e | 3.86 (0.04) | 4.10 (0.04)e | ||
| Neck region area (cm2) | 4.80 (0.01) | 4.69 (0.02)e | 4.63 (0.03)e | 4.94 (0.02)e | ||
|
| ||||||
| Hip Structure Analysis | ||||||
| Neck-shaft angleb | 131.5 (0.16) | 130.5 (0.23)d | 132.1 (0.36) | 129.4 (0.34)e | ||
| Neck length (cm)b | 4.83 (0.02) | 4.87 (0.02) | 4.65 (0.03)e | 4.97 (0.03)d | ||
|
| ||||||
| Narrow Neck | ||||||
| BMD (g/cm2) | 0.95 (0.005) | 1.03 (0.007)e | 0.86 (0.01)e | 1.13 (0.01)e | ||
| Cross-sectional area (cm2) | 2.68 (0.012) | 2.87 (0.02)e | 2.40 (0.03)e | 3.28 (0.03)e | ||
| Outer diameter (cm) | 2.96 (0.006) | 2.92 (0.001)e | 2.93 (0.01)c | 3.07 (0.01)e | ||
| Section modulus (cm3) | 1.22 (0.008) | 1.27 (0.01)c | 1.06 (0.02)e | 1.62 (0.02)e | ||
| Buckling ratio | 8.91 (0.06) | 8.06 (0.09)e | 9.94 (0.13)e | 7.42 (0.12)e | ||
| Centroid position | 0.466 (0.000) | 0.468 (0.001) | 0.462 (0.001)e | 0.469 (0.001)d | ||
|
| ||||||
| Intertrochanter | ||||||
| BMD (g/cm2) | 0.93 (0.005) | 0.98 (0.008)e | 0.84 (0.02)e | 1.11 (0.01)e | ||
| Cross-sectional area (cm2) | 4.54 (0.03) | 4.69 (0.04)d | 3.99 (0.06)e | 5.63 (0.06)e | ||
| Outer diameter (cm) | 5.10 (0.01) | 5.03 (0.02)d | 4.94 (0.02)e | 5.35 (0.02)e | ||
| Section modulus (cm3) | 3.72 (0.03) | 3.69 (0.04) | 3.13 (0.06)e | 4.94 (0.05)e | ||
| Buckling ratio | 7.67 (0.05) | 7.33 (0.07)d | 8.29 (0.11)e | 6.18 (0.10)e | ||
| Centroid position | 0.436 (0.000) | 0.436 (0.001) | 0.434 (0.001) | 0.448 (0.001)e | ||
a
Adjusted for age (yrs.), height (cm), weight (kg), menopausal status (pre-/early peri-menopausal), physical activity score (range 3–15), smoking (never, past, current), total dietary calcium intake (mg/d), calcium supplement (yes/no), vitamin D supplement (yes/no), daily alcohol consumption (drinks/d, none, ≤1, >1), corticosteroid use (yes/no), diabetic status (yes/no), arthritis (yes/no) and study site;
b
Neck shaft angle and centroid position are unadjusted and neck length is adjusted for height only.
c
p<0.05;
d
p<0.001;
e
p<0.0001 vs. Caucasian.