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. 2012 Dec 27;8(3):424–433. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07900812

Table 4.

Association of aortic pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure with incident CKD by GFR estimated using cystatin C

Variable Patients (n) Incident CKD, n (%) Incident Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Unadjusted Demographic Variable–Adjusteda BP-Adjustedb Fully Adjustedc Mean Arterial Pressure–Adjustedd
Pulse wave velocity
 Continuous
 Log transformede 1788 344 (19) 1.77 (1.42–2.21) 1.75 (1.40–2.19) 1.58 (1.26–1.99) 1.39 (1.09–1.77) 1.42 (1.12–1.81)
 Quartiles
  <642 cm/s 477 56 (12) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  642–808 cm/s 476 92 (19) 1.74 (1.28–2.36) 1.77 (1.30–2.40) 1.73 (1.28–2.35) 1.60 (1.18–2.16) 1.60 (1.19–2.17)
  809–1052 cm/s 420 106 (25) 2.33 (1.73–3.13) 2.30 (1.71–3.10) 2.15 (1.59–2.90) 1.79 (1.32–2.43) 1.83 (1.35–2.47)
  >1052 cm/s 415 90 (22) 2.09 (1.53–2.84) 2.07 (1.52–2.81) 1.90 (1.39–2.58) 1.59 (1.17–2.17) 1.63 (1.20–2.22)
Pulse pressuref
 Continuous (per 10 mmHg) 1788 344 (19) 1.10 (1.05–1.15) 1.09 (1.03–1.14) 1.06 (1.01–1.11) 1.06 (1.01–1.11) 1.06 (1.01–1.12)
 Quartiles
  <53 mmHg 463 73 (16) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
  53–62 mmHg 448 80 (18) 1.23 (0.92–1.64) 1.23 (0.92–1.64) 1.20 (0.90–1.59) 1.24 (0.92–1.64) 1.23 (0.93–1.64)
  63–75 mmHg 485 100 (21) 1.34 (1.02–1.76) 1.30 (0.99–1.71) 1.24 (0.94–1.62) 1.24 (0.94–1.64) 1.23 (0.93–1.63)
  >75 mmHg 392 91 (23) 1.64 (1.24–2.17) 1.56 (1.18–2.07) 1.39 (1.05–1.84) 1.41 (1.07–1.87) 1.39 (1.02–1.89)
a

Adjusted for age, sex, race, and site.

b

Adjusted for age, sex, race, site, systolic BP, and antihypertensive medications.

c

Adjusted for age, sex, race, site, systolic BP, antihypertensive medications, diabetes mellitus, smoking, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, prevalent heart failure, and baseline GFR estimated using cystatin C.

d

Adjusted for age, sex, race, site, antihypertensive medications, diabetes mellitus, smoking, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, prevalent coronary heart disease, prevalent heart failure, baseline GFR estimated using cystatin C, and mean arterial pressure.

e

Incident rate ratios are per doubling of aortic pulse wave velocity.

f

Neither systolic nor diastolic BP is included in the models for pulse pressure. BP adjustment is only for antihypertensive medications and mean arterial pressure.