Table 2.
Gene | Role | Aberrant methylation | Ref. |
ABCB1 | Multidrug resistance | Hyper | Poplawski et al[121], Tahara et al[122], Lee et al[123] |
ADAM23 | Tissue cell invasion and metastasis | Hyper | Takada et al[124], Watanabe et al[125], Kim et al[126] |
ALDH2 | Oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism | Hypo | Balassiano et al[127] |
APC | Tissue cell invasion and metastasis Signal transduction | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Ksiaa et al[63], Shin et al[69], Geddert et al[129] |
ARPC1B (p41ARC) | Cell morphology | Hyper | Maekita et al[130], Shin et al[69] |
BNIP3 | Apoptosis | Hyper | Murai et al[131], Hiraki et al[132], Sugita et al[133] |
BRCA1 | DNA repair | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Ryan et al[134] |
CAV1 | Tissue cell invasion and metastasis | Hyper | Yamashida et al[135] |
CDH1 | Tissue invasion and metastasis | Hyper | Leal et al[136], Bernal et al[136], Borges et al[61], Tahara et al[122], Al-Moundhri et al[137], Balassiano et al[127] |
CHFR | Cell cycle regulation | Hyper | Oki et al[138], Hiraki et al[139], Hu et al[140] |
DAPK | Apoptosis | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Zou et al[74], Hu et al[140], Tahara et al[122], Sugita et al[133] |
FHIT | Apoptosis | Hyper | Leal et al[136], Bernal et al[128] |
FLNC | Cell morphology | Hyper | Kim et al[126], Shi et al[141] |
GATA4/5 | Transcriptional factor | Hyper | Akiyama et al[142], Wen et al[143], |
HAND1 | Cell differentiation | Hyper | Maekita et al[130], Shin et al[69], Shi et al[141] |
HRAS | Signal transduction | Hypo | Fang et al[144], Luo et al[145] |
IGFBP3 | Cell cycle regulation | Hyper | Gigek et al[146], Ryan et al[134], Chen et al[147] |
LOX | Tissue cell invasion and adhesion | Hyper | Maekita et al[130], Shin et al[69], Tamura et al[148] |
MGMT | DNA repair | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Hibi et al[149], Ksiaa et al[63]; Zou et al[74], Schneider et al[14], Hiraki et al[139], Balassiano et al[127], Shi et al[141] |
MLF1 | Cell differentiation | Hyper | Watanabe et al[125], Shi et al[141], Yamashita et al[135] |
MLH1 | DNA repair | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Poplawski et al[121], Hiraki et al[139], Kim et al[150], Shin et al[58] |
MOS | Cell cycle regulation | Hypo | Shin et al[58] |
MTHFR | DNA synthesis DNA repair DNA methylation | Hypo | Balassiano et al[127] |
MYC | Cell cycle regulation | Hypo | Fang et al[144], Luo et al[145] |
P14ARF | Cell cycle regulation Apoptosis Cell differentiation | Hyper | Balassiano et al[127], Geddert et al[129] |
P16 | Cell cycle regulation | Hyper | Ksiaa et al[63], Dong et al[151], Zou et al[74], Shin et al[69], Hu et al[140], Ryan et al[134], Geddert et al[129], Balassiano et al[124], Al-Moundhri et al[137], Shin et al[58] |
PRDM5 | Cell differentiation | Hyper | Watanabe et al[125], Shu et al[152] |
RAR-beta 2 | DNA binding Activation transcription | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Ksiaa et al[63] |
RASSF1A/ RASSF2 | DNA repair Cell cycle regulation | Hyper | Zou et al[74], Guo et al[153], Shin et al[58] |
RORA | Cell differentiation | Hyper | Watanabe et al[125], Yamashida et al[131] |
RPRM | Cell cycle regulation | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Schneider et al[14] |
RUNX3 | Signal transduction | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Sakakura et al[154], Lee et al[104], Zou et al[74], Hiraki et al[139], Tamura et al[148], Hu et al[140], Fan et al[155], Al-Moundhri et al[137] |
SHP1 | Signal transduction | Hyper | Bernal et al[128], Ksiaa et al[63], |
TERT | Cell senescence | Hyper | Kang et al[67], Wang et al[75], Gigek et al[77] |
TFF1 | Repair gene | Hyper | Carvalho et al[156], Ryan et al[134] |
THBD | Inflammation response | Hyper | Maekita et al[130]; Shin et al[69] |
TWIST1 | Cell differentiation | Hyper | Kang et al[67], Schneider et al[14] |
ABCB1: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1; ADAM23: ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23; ALDH2: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial); APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; ARPC1B (p41ARC): Actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1B, 41kDa; BNIP3: Adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3; BRCA1: Breast cancer 1 gene; CAV1: Caviolin 1; CDH1: Cadherin 1; CHFR: Checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains; DAPK: Dapk death associated protein kinase; FHIT: Fragile histidine triad gene; FLNC: Filamin C, gamma; GATA4/5: GATA binding protein 4/5; GSTP1: Glutathione S-transferase pi 1; HAND1: Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1; HRAS: v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; IGFBP3: Insulin-like growth factor; binding protein 3; LOX: Lysyl oxidase; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MLF1: Myeloid leukemia factor 1; MLH1: MutL homolog 1; MOS: Moloney murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; MTHFR: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH); MYC: v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian); P14ARF: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; P16: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; PRDM5: PR domain containing 5; RAR-beta 2: Retinoic acid receptor β 2 gene; RASSF1A/RASSF2: Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1/member 2; RORA: RAR-related orphan receptor A; RPRM: TP53 dependent G2 arrest mediator candidate; RUNX3: Runt-related transcription factor 3; SHP1: Hematopoietic cell-specific protein-tyrosine phosphatase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TFF1: Trefoil factor 1; TFPI2: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2; THBD: Thrombomodulin; TWIST1: Twist homolog 1.