Figure 3. Phenotypic effects of the loci associated with thousand-grain weight (TGW) in an environment-independent (EI) manner analysed through marker allele-assisted genotyping.

For the diversity arrays technology (DArT) loci (wPt-6965 and rPt-1806), the elite alleles (indicated by Allele 1) refer to the presence of their respective DArT sequences. For the microsatellite locus (Xgwm299), the elite allele is represented by the actual size of specific amplicon (Allele 205). The inferior alleles of the DArT and microsatellite loci are indicated by “Allele 0” (reflecting the absence of the DArT sequence) and “others” (additional alleles with amplicon lengths differing from those of the elite alleles), respectively. Compared to the inferior alleles, the elite alleles of wPt-6965, rPt-1806 and Xgwm299 had generally positive effects on the average TGW (g) across all 12 environments.