Table 3.

Multivariable analysis of risk factors for delayed diagnosis

Risk factor	Prolonged patient delay (≥23.5 days)* aOR (95%CI)	Prolonged health care delay (≥14 days) aOR (95%CI)	Prolonged total delay (≥59.5 days) aOR (95%CI)
Female	3.03 (1.24–7.40)†	1.62 (0.65–4.01)	3.32 (1.40–7.91)†
Age (per year)	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	1.01 (0.99–1.04)
History of incarceration	—	0.65 (0.25–1.68)	0.63 (0.24–1.65)
Household income ≤US$180	1.81 (0.98–3.35)	1.11 (0.58–2.14)	1.19 (0.64–2.21)
Any tobacco use	3.13 (1.31–7.48)†	0.83 (0.36–1.95)	1.23 (0.54–2.81)
Any comorbidity	2.24 (1.19–4.24)†	0.87 (0.45–1.67)	1.36 (0.74–2.52)
Chronic cough >6 months	4.71 (1.75–12.69)†	1.5 (0.58–2.14)	12.20 (3.73–39.92)†
Hemoptysis	2.66 (1.33–5.31)†	0.58 (0.30–1.15)	1.45 (0.74–2.82)
First symptom included cough	0.36 (0.19–0.67)†	0.89 (0.46–1.71)	0.54 (0.29–1.00)
Multiple first symptoms	0.51 (0.27–0.97)†	1.24 (0.64–2.44)	0.41 (0.21–0.78)†
Self-medicated	2.53 (1.32–4.86)†	—	—
Prescribed medication	—	—	2.28 (1.09–4.79)†
Prescribed antibiotics	—	4.16 (1.97–8.79)†	—
Traditional remedy use	3.09 (0.80–11.89)	2.67 (0.70–10.24)	3.88 (0.96–15.65)
Pre-TB diagnosis of pneumonia/bronchitis/URI	—	2.1 (0.96–4.58)	0.68 (0.32–1.45)
Patient delay	—	0.38 (0.19–0.74)†	—

^*Prolonged delay defined as delay greater than or equal to the median.

^†Statistical significance at P ≤ 0.05.

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; TB = tuberculosis; URI = upper respiratory infection.