Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Participants Living and Deceased After 10 Years, and Results of Univariate Cox Regressions to Test Each Variable’s Unique Effect on Mortality

Measure	Living M (SD)	Deceased M (SD)	B (s.e.)	Wald	Exp(B) (90% CI)
Gender	62% Female	35% Female	−1.06 (.28)	14.70*	0.35 (0.22 to 0.55)
Years of education	12.83 (2.27)	12.03 (2.69)	−0.13 (.06)	5.71*	0.88 (0.80 to 0.96)
Age (years)	58.13 (5.63)	60.78 (4.82)	0.08 (.02)	12.89*	1.08 (1.04 to 1.12)
Health conditions	1.22 (1.18)	1.93 (1.35)	0.36 (.09)	17.77*	1.43 (1.25 to 1.65)
Cognitive functioning (z-score)	0.07 (0.96)	−0.46 (1.14)	−0.49 (.13)	15.02*	0.61 (0.50 to 0.75)
Conscientiousness (z-score)	0.04 (0.99)	−0.28 (1.01)	−0.29 (.13)	5.03*	0.75 (0.61 to 0.93)

Note. N’s for living and deceased are 388 and 58 respectively. For gender, males were coded as 1, females as 2; thus, a negative effect indicates that the risk of death was greater for males.

^*p < .05, one-tailed.