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. 2013 Jan 24;14(2):2388–2409. doi: 10.3390/ijms14022388

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Parkinson’s Disease network: PD is a neurodegenerative disease that affects neuronal cells located in the Substantia Nigra. PD symptoms are caused by cooperative action of various causes leading to neuronal loss of this area. One of the principal causes of PD progression, as indicated by Braak’s theory, consists of progressive formation of α-syn aggregates and their accumulation in SN pars compacta. The figure illustrates also the importance of mitochondria, which are responsible for ATP generation and oxidative stress. PINK1 is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria (see text). However, under pathological conditions, PINK1 moves to the outer membrane and recruits Parkin. This event may induce autophagy by an ubiquitin-mediated mechanism. Parkin can also be phosphorylated by c-Abl increasing oxidative stress and promoting neuronal cell death.