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Negative charges of dipolar (zwitterionic) lipid headgroups are described by negative surface charge density σ = −e0/a0 at x = 0, where a0 is the area per lipid. D is the distance between charges within the single dipolar lipid headgroup, while ω describes orientation angle of the dipole within the single headgroup. MD model of DPPC lipid molecule is presented at the bottom.
