Table 1.
Effect of different carbon sources on β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and xylanase production by C. graminicola under solid-state fermentation.
| Carbon Source | β-glucosidase (U g−1) | β-xylosidase (U g−1) | Xylanase (U g−1) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat bran | 109.7 ± 7.7 | 57.9 ± 4.6 | 189.3 ± 9.5 | ||||
| Steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 15.9 ± 1.4 | ND a | ||||
| Raw sugarcane bagasse | 20.8 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 11.4 ± 1.1 | ||||
| Sugarcane trash | 10.2 ± 1.2 | 11.5 ± 1.3 | 15.7 ± 1.6 | ||||
| Peanut hull | 57.0 ± 4.1 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Rice husk | 47.5 ± 4.1 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 9.6 ± 1.2 | ||||
| Corn husk | 48.3 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 2.4 | ND | ||||
| Milled corncob | - | 37.8 ± 3.3 | 15.7 ± 1.8 | ||||
|
| |||||||
| Carbon Supplement (1%w/w) | β-glucosidase | β-xylosidase | Xylanase | ||||
|
| |||||||
| U g−1 | % | U g−1 | % | U g−1 | % | ||
|
| |||||||
| None | 101.1 ± 7.8 | 100.0 | 55.5 ± 5.1 | 100 | 193.2 ± 13.8 | 100 | |
| Peanut hull | 49.2 ± 4.6 | 48.7 | 79.0 ± 7.7 | 142.3 | 178.0 ± 11.3 | 92.1 | |
| Rice husk | 33.6 ± 3.2 | 33.2 | 49.4 ± 5.1 | 89.0 | 176.1 ± 12.3 | 91.1 | |
| Corn husk | 54.9 ± 5.3 | 54.0 | 38.8 ± 3.9 | 69.9 | 205.6 ± 14.3 | 106.4 | |
| Milled corncob | - | - | 47.5 ± 4.8 | 85.6 | 239.8 ± 15.2 | 124.1 | |
| Sugarcane trash | 162.9 ± 13.1 | 161.1 | 40.2 ± 4.1 | 72.4 | 178.4 ± 10.9 | 92.3 | |
| Filter paper | 97.9 ± 8.4 | 96.8 | 43.9 ± 3.8 | 79.1 | 189.5 ± 12.9 | 98.1 | |
| Glucose | 91.4 ± 8.4 | 90.4 | 35.5 ± 4.3 | 64.0 | 231.8 ± 15.3 | 120.0 | |
| Xylose | - | - | 34.7 ± 4.5 | 62.5 | 129.5 ± 10.4 | 67.0 | |
| Celobiose | 144.8 ± 10.4 | 143.2 | 34.0 ± 4.2 | 61.3 | 173.4 ± 14.9 | 89.7 | |
| CMC | 84.8 ± 7.6 | 83.9 | 48.3 ± 4.2 | 87.0 | 171.6 ± 13.4 | 88.8 | |
| Xylan | - | - | 42.1 ± 3.9 | 75.8 | 204.5 ± 15.4 | 105.8 | |
|
| |||||||
| Nitrogen Supplement | % (w/w) | β-glucosidase | β-xylosidase | Xylanase | |||
|
| |||||||
| U g−1 | % | U g−1 | % | U g−1 | % | ||
|
| |||||||
| None | - | 92.5 ± 8.9 | 100.0 | 47.8 ± 5.2 | 100 | 152.7 ± 12.2 | 100 |
| Asparagine | 1 | 42.4 ± 5.1 | 45.8 | 38.8 ± 4.2 | 81.2 | 118.5 ± 10.7 | 77.6 |
| Glycine | 1 | 35.4 ± 4.6 | 38.3 | 37.1 ± 4.3 | 77.6 | 124.2 ± 11.0 | 81.3 |
| Casein | 1 | 39.7 ± 4.8 | 42.9 | 47.4 ± 5.1 | 99.1 | 151.3 ± 11.7 | 99.1 |
| Peptone | 1 | 40.4 ± 5.2 | 43.7 | 36.1 ± 4.0 | 75.5 | 182.7 ± 13.7 | 119.6 |
| Yeast extract | 1 | 88.4 ±7.9 | 95.6 | 43.9 ± 4.8 | 91.8 | 164.1 ± 12.8 | 107.5 |
| Malt extract | 1 | 41.6 ± 4.6 | 45.0 | 27.2 ± 3.4 | 56.9 | 129.9 ± 11.2 | 85.1 |
| Soybean meal | 1 | 87.5 ± 9.6 | 94.6 | 37.7 ± 4.2 | 78.9 | 127.0 ± 11.6 | 83.2 |
| Urea | 0.8 | 39.9 ± 3.2 | 43.1 | 19.5 ± 2.8 | 40.8 | 97.1 ± 8.7 | 63.6 |
| NH4NO3 | 0.8 | 40.9 ± 3.7 | 44.2 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 50.0 | 125.6 ± 11.3 | 82.2 |
| KNO3 | 0.8 | 41.7 ± 4.2 | 45.1 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | 44.1 | 131.3 ± 11.0 | 86.0 |
| NaNO3 | 0.8 | 38.9 ± 4.3 | 42.0 | 26.5 ± 3.1 | 55.4 | 122.7 ± 10.2 | 80.3 |
| (NH4)2SO4 | 0.8 | 44.7 ± 4.0 | 48.3 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 49.6 | 198.4 ± 13.5 | 129.9 |
| NH4Cl | 0.8 | 40.7 ± 3.7 | 44.0 | 32.9 ± 3.6 | 68.8 | 125.6 ± 11.3 | 82.2 |
Notes: Colletotrichum graminicola was cultured for 192 h at 25 °C in 5 g dry carbon source (or a mass occupying maximally 1/5 of the total volume of the culture flask) and deionized water (2 mL g−1 dry substrate). Supplementary nitrogen and carbon sources were added to wheat bran as carbon source at the indicated concentrations. Enzymatic assays were performed in duplicate; each experiment was repeated using four different crude extracts (n = 4). Data are presented as means ± SD;
a
ND: undetectable by the methods used.