Table 1.

List of medicinal plants, products and active compounds known to have antifilarial properties.

Names	Family	Parts used	Solvent used for extraction	Active compounds	Activities	References
Polyalthia suaveolens	Annonaceae			Polycarpol	O. gutturosa: Significant inhibitory activities on the vitality of adult male worms	[26]
Discoglypremna caloneura	Euphorbiaceae			3-O-acetyl aleuritolic acid
Homalium africanum	Salicaceae	Leaves	Hexane Methylene chloride		O. ochengi: Microfilaricide	[27]
Margaritaria discoidea	Euphorbiaciaea	Roots Leaves	Hexane Methylene chloride		O. ochengi: Microfilaricide
Anogeissus leiocarpus	Combretaceae	Bark, leaves	Ethanol	Ellagic acid	O. ochengi: Microfilaricide and macrofilaricide. C. elegans: High activity on adults and larvae	[28,29]
				Gallic acid
				Gentisic acid
Khaya senegalensis	Meliaceae	Bark, leaves	Ethanol		O. ochengi: Microfilaricide and macrofilaricide. C. elegans: Moderate activity on adults and larvae	[28]
Euphorbia hirta	Euphorbiaciaea	Leaves	Ethanol		C. elegans: Moderate activity on adults and larvae
Parquetina nigrescens	Asclepiadaceae		Water			[28]
Annona senegalensis	Annonaceae		Water		C. elegans: Moderate activity on adults and larvae	[28]
Hagenia abyssinica	Rosaceae	Female flowers	80% Methanol			[32]
Acer rubrum	Aceraceae
Rosa multiflora	Rosaceae
Quercus alba	Fagaceae	Leaves	70% Acetone		C. elegans: Moderate activity on adults and larvae	[33]
Rhus typhina	Anacardiaceae
Lespedeza cuneata	Fabaceae
Salix X sepulcralis	Salicaceae	Leaves	70% Acetone		C. elegans: Low activity on adults and larvae
Robinia pseudoacacia	Fabaceae
Botryocladia leptopoda	Rhodymeniaceae	Whole alga	95% Ethanol		L. sigmodontis and A. viteae: Adults B. malayi: Macrofilaricide and sterilization of female	[34]
Neurolaena lobata	Asteraceae	Leaves	Ethanol		B. pahangi: Macrofilaricide and micrifilaricide	[35]
Lantana camara	Verbenaceae	Stem	95% Ethanol		A. viteae: Microfilaricide (95.04%) and sterilization of female (60.66%)	[36]
					B. malayi: Mastomys coucha killed 43.05% of the adult and sterilized 76% females
Lantana camara	Verbenaceae	Stem	Chloroform fraction	Oleanonic acid	B. malayi: in M. coucha (Meriones unguiculatus) killed 100% (80%) of the adult	[36]
					B. malayi: Macrofilaricide
Butea monosperma	Fabaceae	Leaves	Water	Polyphenol	B. malayi: Strong inhibition of motility microfilariae, presence of oxidative parameters	[36–38]
		Roots	Water		B. malayi: Strong inhibition of motility microfilariae	[36,37]
Vitex negundo	Lamiaceae	Roots	Ethanol	Alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, polyphenol	B. malayi: Strong inhibition of motility microfilariae, presence of oxidative parameters
Aegle marmelo	Rutaceae	Leaves	Ethanol	Coumarin Polyphenol	B. malayi: Strong inhibition of motility microfilariae, presence of oxidative parameters	[36–38]
Ricinus communis	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	70% Methanol		B. malayi: Moderate inhibition of motility microfilariae
Caesalpinia bonducella	Caesalpiniaceae	Seed kernel	Ethanol		L. sigmodontis in cotton rats S. hispidus: Reduction to up to 96% filariae and 100% female sterilization. Microfilaricide in B. malayi.
			Butanol fraction		L. sigmodontis in cotton rats S. hispidus: Reduction to up to 73.7% microfilariae. 82.5% mortality of macrofilaria and 100% female sterilization. Microfilaricide in B. malayi.	[39]
			Aqueous fraction		L. sigmodontis in cotton rats S. hispidus: Reduction to up to 90% microfilariae. 82.5% mortality of macrofilaria and 100% female sterilization. Microfilaricide in B. malayi.
Trachyspermum ammi	Apiaceae	Fruits	Methanol	Phenolic monoterpene	S. digitata: Macrofilaricide B. malayi: Macrofilaricide and females sterilization	[40]
Piper betle	Piperaceae	Leaves	Methanol	n-Hexane and chloroform fractions	B. malayi: Microfilaricide, moderate activity on macrofilariae and female sterilization. Immunomodulatory properties in mices	[41]
Xylocarpus granatum	Meliaceae	Fruits	50% Ethanol	Gedunin	B. malayi: Excellent microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal efficacies	[42,43]
				Photogedunin
Bauhinia racemosa	Caesalpinaeceae	Leaves	95% Ethanol	Galactolipid 1	B. malayi: In vivo and in vitro antifilarial activity	[44]
Bauhinia racemosa	Caesalpinaeceae	Leaves	95% Ethanol	Galactolipid 2	B. malayi: In vivo and in vitro antifilarial activity	[44]
				Galactolipid 3
Corinder: Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae			Linalool		[45]
				α-Pinene
Cassia: Cassia	Fabaceae			Capsaicin		[45]
Turmeric: Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae			Curcumin
Allspice: Pimenta dioica	Myrtaceae			Piperine
				β-Caryophyllene
Cinnamon: Cinnamomum	Lauraceae			Cinnamic acid β-Caryophyllene	B. malayi: GST inhibitory activity in vitro	[45]
Strychnous: Strychnos	Loganiaceae			Strychnine
Lemongrass: Cymbopogon	Poaceae			Citronellol
				Geraniol
Garlic: Allium sativum	Amaryllidaceae			Piperine
Litsea: Litsea	Lauraceae			Vanillin		[45]
Vanilla: Vanilla	Orchidaceae			Isoeugenol
Withania somnifera	Solanaceae Roots			Withanolide	Protection to the rodent host M. coucha against infection of filarial parasite B. malayi	[46,47]
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae	Seeds			B. malayi: Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties in mices	[48]

Galactolipid 1: (2S)-1, 2-di-O-linolenoyl-3-O-a-galactopyra-nosyl-(1/6)-O-b-galactopy-ranosyl glycerol; Galactolipid 2: (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-a-galacto-pyranosyl-(1/6)- O-b-galactopyranosyl glycerol; Galactolipid 3: (2S)-1-O oleoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-a-galacto-pyranosyl-(1/6)-O-b-galactopyranosyl glycerol.