Table 3.

List of medicinal plants, products and active compounds known to have anti-trypanosomal properties.

Compounds/Substances	Origin	Trypanocidal activities			Assays		References
		in vitro	in vivo	Observations	Toxicity	Clinical
[(2S)-methyl-2-methyl-8-(3-methylbut-2′-enyl)-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-2Hchromene-6-carboxylate]	Piper1	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 2.82 μM	nd	nd	nd	nd	[143]
3-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-4-methoxy-benzoic acid	Piper aduncum	L. braziliensis promastigote—IC50-value 6.5 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[144]
4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)-5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)benzoic acid	Piper aduncum	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50 16.5 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[144]
methyl 4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)benzoate	Piper glabratum	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 15.6 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[145]
2,6-dihydroxi-4-metoxichalcone	Piper aduncum	L. amazonensis promastigote—IC50-value 0.5 μg/mL amastigotes—IC50-value 24 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[146]
dihydrochalcone	Piper elongatum	L. braziliensis promastigote—IC50-value 2.98 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[147]
Cubebin	Piper cueba	L. donovani promastigotes—IC50-value 28 μg/mL	100.0 mg/kg, i.p. in hamster infected with L. donovani	nd	nd	nd	[148]
Conocarpan	Piper regnellii	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 8.0 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[149]
Eupomatenoid	Piper regnellii	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 7.0 μg/mL	nd	nd	Non-toxic in Vero cells (CC50 250 μg/mL)	nd	[149]
Grandisin	Piper solmsianum	T. cruzi trypomastigote—IC50-value 8.74 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[150]
Piperine	Piper	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 7.36 μM amastigote—IC50-value 4.91 μM	nd	nd	nd	nd	[151]
Piplartine	Piper tuberculatum Piper retrofractum	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 10.5 μM L. donovani promastigotes—IC50-value 7.5 μg/mL	30 mg/kg ip. in hamster infected with L. donovani	nd	nd	nd	[148,152]
prenylated hydroquinone [1,4-dihydroxy-2-(3′,7′-dimethyl-1′-oxo-2′-E,6′-octadienyl)benzene	Piper crassinervium	T. cruzi epimastigote—IC50-value 6.10 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[153]
methyl 3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3′-methyl-2′-butenyl)benzoate	Piper glabratum	L. braziliensis, L. amazonensis and L. donovani—IC50-value 13.8–18.5 μg/mL)	nd	nd	nd	nd	[145]
methyl 3,4-dihydroxy-5-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutenyl)benzoate	Piper glabratum	T cruzi epimestigote—IC50-value 16.4 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[145]
methyl 4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)benzoate	Piper glabratum	T cruzi epimestigote—IC50-value 15.6 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[145]
(15-acetoxy-8_-[(2-methylbutyryloxy)]-14-oxo-4,5-cis-acanthospermolide)	Acanthospermum hispidum	T. brucei brucei—IC50-value 2.45 μM L. mexicana Mexicana —IC50-value 0.94 μM	nd	nd	nd	nd	[154]
Veraguensin	Nectandra megapotamica	L.donovani promastigotes—IC50-value 18 μg/mL and IC90-value 36 μg/mL	nd	nd	Non-toxic in Vero cells5 in 10 μg/ml	nd	[91]
Methanol extract from stem bark	Acacia nilotica	na	200 mg/kg body weight in mice infected with T. brucei brucei	Clear the parasites from circulation within 6 days of treatment	na	na	[136]
Methanol stem bark extract	Bombax buonopozense	nd	300 mg/kg body weight in mice infected with T. brucei brucei	Clear the parasites from circulation within 7 days of treatment	nd	nd	[136]
Dichloromethane bark extract	Warburgia salutaris	T. brucei brucei—IC50 -value 10.68 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[155]
8-epixanthatin 1β,5β-epoxide	Xanthium brasilicum Vell	T. brucei—IC50 0.09 μg/mL T. cruzi—IC50-value 2.95 μg/L L. donovani—IC50 0.16 μg/mL	nd	nd	nd	nd	[142]

¹Synthetic compound derived from chromenes isolated from Piper aduncum and Piper gaudichaudianum;

²Intraperitoneally, twice daily for 3 days;

³per os, twice daily for 3 days;

⁴Balb/c infected with L. amazonensis and treated for 28 days;

⁵African green monkey kidney fibroblast.