Table 1.

Summary of metabolic parameters in chow and HFD fed rats with variety of treatments.

	Chow	HFD-Con.	HFD-RSG	HFD-SGE
Initial body weight, g	372 ± 16	414 ± 14†	409 ± 20	417 ± 16
Final body weight, g	412 ± 22	468 ± 19†	483 ± 32	438 ± 27*
Visceral fat mass, g	7.8 ± 1.2	14.60 ± 1.20‡	17.0 ± 1.4	8.9 ± 1.0**
Liver wt, g	11.7 ± 0.2	12.50 ± 0.90	13.3 ± 0.6	11.8 ± 0.6
Serum glucose, mM	6.75 ± 0.14	8.87 ± 0.24‡	7.65 ± 0.14*	8.15 ± 0.18
Serum insulin, mU	26.60 ± 0.22	46.25 ± 0.35‡	24.01 ± 0.18**	27.03 ± 0.31**
HOMA-IR	7.98 ± 0.09	18.23 ± 0.28‡	8.16 ± 0.17**	9.76 ± 0.29**
Serum TC, mM	3.98 ± 0.21	5.67 ± 0.24†	5.13 ± 0.32	4.35 ± 0.18*
Serum TG, mM	0.41 ± 0.03	1.03 ± 0.06†	0.59 ± 0.03*	0.51 ± 0.02**
Serum HDL-C, mM	1.20 ± 0. 22	0.86 ± 0.13‡	0.90 ± 0.16	0.96 ± 0.15
Serum LDL-C, mM	2.59 ± 0.52	4.34 ± 0.59‡	3.96 ± 0.67	3.16 ± 0.56*
Serum NEFA, mM	0.50 ± 0.10	0.77 ± 0.21†	0.57 ± 0.12*	0.58 ± 0.12*

Data are means ± SEM; n = 10 rats/group. ^† P < 0.05, ^‡ P < 0.01 versus chow control; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with HFD-Con. HOMA is defined as (fasting insulin × fasting glucose)/22.5. Visceral fat included epididymal fat pad and inguinal fat. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFFA: nonfree fatty acids.