Table 1:

Comparison of outcomes among 15 adults with type 1 diabetes receiving both interventions

Outcome	Intervention, median (IQR)*		p value†
	Dual-hormone closed-loop delivery	Continuous subcutaenous insulin infusion
Overall (duration of visit, from 1600 to 0700)
Plasma glucose level at start of visit, mmol/L	7.7 (7.4–10.6)	7.0 (5.2–8.7)	0.28
Time spent at specific glucose level, %
Target range‡	70.7 (46.1–88.4)	57.3 (25.2–71.8)	0.003
< 4.0 mmol/L	0.0 (0.0–3.0)	10.2 (0.0–13.0)	0.01
< 3.3 mmol/L	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	2.8 (0.0–5.9)	0.006
Above target range	29.3 (9.4–49.2)	25.6 (18.0–63.4)	0.17
Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, mean ± SD	7.8 ± 1.1	7.9 ± 1.9	0.74
Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, SD	2.0 (1.3–2.8)	2.1 (1.8–2.9)	0.06
Insulin delivery, U	19 (15–23)	19 (15–25)	0.19
Insulin concentration, mU/L	25 (23–42)	30 (18–43)	0.87
Glucagon concentration, pg/mL	66 (61–72)	56 (43–65)	0.01
Overnight (from 2300 to 0700)
Time spent at specific glucose level, %
Target range	72.0 (32.5–84.2)	45.8 (29.2–64.6)	0.07
< 4.0 mmol/L	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–22.5)	0.02
< 3.3 mmol/L	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–7.7)	0.01
Above target range	28.0 (15.8–64.8)	49.8 (12.5–70.8)	0.99
Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, mean ± SD	7.8 ± 1.3	7.6 ± 2.3	0.63
Plasma glucose level, mmol/L, SD	1.5 (1.1–2.6)	1.6 (1.1–2.1)	0.67
Insulin delivery, U	14 (10–16)	14 (9–17)	0.77
Insulin concentration, mU/L	24 (19–31)	25 (15–33)	0.68
Glucagon concentration, pg/mL	57 (45–70)	50 (37–61)	0.02

Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.

^*Unless stated otherwise.

^†Repeated measures analysis.

^‡Primary study outcome.