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Derivation of the various pluripotent stem cells: ESC from a fertilized oocyte, ntESC from a nuclear transferred embryo, pESC from an unfertilized oocyte, and iPSC from the direct reversion of somatic cells by ectopic expression of four cellular reprogramming factors. Of note, whereas derivation of ESC, ntESC, and pESC utilizes all reprogramming factors present in the ooplasm, derivation of iPSC involves only the minimal four cellular reprogramming factors present in ESC.
