Table 2.
Regions of gray matter volume difference between the psychosis groups and healthy controls, and across the psychosis dimension based on voxel-based morphometry analyses.
| Group comparison | Brain region | k (voxels), right/left | Pseudo-t (x, y, z), S right/left |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychosis groups vs. healthy controls contrast [P=0.05, FDR corrected, k=100] | |||
| SZ < HCM | Frontal | ||
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 5422/1600 | 5.7 (43, 16, −5)/4.9 (−40, 16, −3) | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | 4978/2637 | 4.5 (45, 44, 7)/4.4.(−27, −2, 46) | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | 1689/3348 | 3.6 (30, 57, −5)/4.1 (−28, 54, 0) | |
| Medial frontal gyrus | 2193/2548 | 3.4(4,43, 14)/3.5(−6, 59, 19) | |
| Precental gyrus | 2015/237 | 4.4 (43, 19, 7)/3.6 (−30, −8, 52) | |
| Paracentral lobule | 296/207 | 3.3 (0, −15, 44)/3.1 (−3, −18, 45) | |
| Temporal | |||
| Superior temporal gyrus | 3644/1067 | 4.3 (40, 10, −12)/3.8 (−49, −56, 17) | |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 1689/1926 | 3.9 (53, −12, −16)/3.6 (−64, −45, 4) | |
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 1452/1363 | 3.8(27,5, −17)/4.3(−36, −17, −24) | |
| Fusiform gyrus | 1067/415 | 3.5 (46, −33, −19)/4.1 (−39, −14, −23) | |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | 504/770 | 4.2(56, −15, −18)/4.4(−37, −20, −28) | |
| Uncus | 237/593 | 4.1 (25,8, −19)/4.7(−36, −16, −28) | |
| Insula | 1926/1511 | 5.3 (40, 16, −2)143 (−37, 16, −1) | |
| Cingulate gyrus | |||
| Cingulate gyrus (BA 23, 24, 31, 32) | 2281/1244 | 3.3 (10, −33, 35)/3.1 (−3, −42, 28) | |
| Anterior cingulate (BA 10, 24, 25, 32, 33) | 1126/919 | 3.6(13, 44, 5)/3.3(−1,48, 4) | |
| Posterior cingulate (BA 23, 29, 30, 31) | 711/385 | 3.4 (6, −51, 21)/3.0 (−3, −53, 22) | |
| Parietal | |||
| Precuneus | 1067/444 | 3.3 (12, −50, 40)/2.9 (−4, −52, 33) | |
| Inferior parietal lobule | 919/900 | 3.9 (56, −34, 22)/3.9 (−55, −34, 25) | |
| Supramarginal gyrus | 444/89 | 3.3 (56, −58, 32)/2.6 (−55, −39, 31) | |
| Postcentral gyrus | 119/148 | 3.6 (34, −20, 45)/3.1 (−55, −28, 19) | |
| Occipital | |||
| Middle occipital gyrus | 1304/770 | 4.4 (48, −77, −4)/3.3 (−53, −60, −5) | |
| Inferior occipital gyrus | 622/207 | 4.7 (45, −80, −4)/2.8 (−30, −82, −6) | |
| Lingual gyrus | 356/1067 | 3.0 (27, −60, −6)/3.9 (−25, −72, −5) | |
| Cuneus | 119/385 | 2.9 (3, −64, 31)/2.8 (−27, −86, 22) | |
| Basal ganglia | |||
| Caudate | 148/533 | 3.5 (4, 7, −4)/3.9 (−4, 12, −1) | |
| Claustrum | 148/144 | 3.1 (28, 16, 3)/3.8 (−34, 7, −2) | |
| Lentiform nucleus | −/119 | −/2.7 (−30, −1, 1) | |
| Thalamus | 119/296 | 2.5 (3, −12, 1)/3.4 (−9, −4, 7) | |
| Cerebellum | |||
| Declive | 119/− | 2.6(24, −66, −11)/− | |
| Pyramis | −/178 | −/2.6(−31, −83, −34) | |
| Inferior semi-lunar lobule | −/296 | −/2.8 (−19, −83, −37) | |
| SAD < HC | |||
| Frontal | |||
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 296/385 | 4.5 (42, 22, 6)/5.2 (−42, 19, −1) | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | −/296 | −/4.9(−27, −3,49) | |
| Temporal | |||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | −/267 | −/4.6(−21, −9, −13) | |
| Insula | 207/200 | 4.2 (39, 17, −l)/4.8 (−39, 19, 2) | |
| Psychosis dimension contrast [P=0.005, uncorrected, k=100] | |||
| SZ < BD-P | |||
| Frontal | |||
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 1570/119 | 4.2 (37, 14, −13)/3.1 (−40, 16, −6) | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | −/119 | −/3.0(−9, 62, 22) | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | 119/− | 3.0 (39, 55, 12)/− | |
| Temporal | |||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 919/444 | 3.8 (24, 5, −15)/3.4 (− 22, − 7, −17) | |
| Fusiform gyrus | 563/− | 3.4(39, −34, −17)/− | |
| Superior temporal gyrus | 326/− | 3.9(40, 11, −13)/− | |
| Uncus | 148/296 | 3.8 (24, 6, −19)/3.6 (−24, −4, −20) | |
| Middle temporal gyrus | −/207 | −/3.3 (−67, −39, −3) | |
| Insula | 119/148 | 3.1 (40, 11, −4)/3.1 (−33, 13, −4) | |
| Cingulate gyrus | |||
| Posterior cingulate (BA 23, 29, 30, 31) | 830/267 | 3.8 (6, −53, 19)/3.4 (−3, −53, 25) | |
| Posterior cingulate (BA 31) | 356/385 | 3.3 (1, −51, 27)/3.2 (−1, −55,28) | |
| Parietal | |||
| Precuneus | 237/237 | 3.2 (3, −60, 18)/3.1 (−4, −59, 21) | |
| Inferior parietla lobule | 119/− | 3.1 (50, −34, 22)/− | |
| Basal ganglia | |||
| Lentiform nucleus | 267/ | 3.3 (15, 13, −6)/− | |
| Caudate | −/119 | −/3.3(−6,4, −1) | |
| Cerebellum | |||
| Declive | 237/ | 3.0(31, −53, −11)/− | |
| Culmen | 119/ | 2.9(39, −39, −21)/− | |
| SZ < SAD | |||
| Frontal | |||
| Middle frontal gyrus | 1244/119 | 3.8(42,53, −13)/3.2 (−34, 53, −14) | |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | 919/− | 3.7 (27,31, −19)/− | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | 474/503 | 3.5 (34, 49, −15)/3.3 (9, 57, 32) | |
| Paracentral lobule | −/119 | −/3.2(−4, −44,53) | |
| Temporal | |||
| Fusiform gyrus | 800/237 | 3.6(56, −32, −19)/4.1 (−37, −17, −26) | |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | 593/207 | 3.7 (53, −30, −16)/3.7 (−40, −17, −28) | |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 474/356 | 3.3 (48, −78, 14)/3.0 (−52, −67, 23) | |
| Parahippocampal gyrus | −/296 | −/4.2 (−34, −20, −25) | |
| Uncus | 119/267 | 3.3 (36, −14, −27)/4.7 (34, −17, −28) | |
| Superiore temporal gyrus | 237/237 | 3.4 (50, −57, 28)/3.2 (−46, −50, 12) | |
| Cingulate gyrus | |||
| Posterior cingulate (BA 23, 29, 30, 31) | 859/385 | 3.9 (3, −52, 15)/3.7 (−4, −51, 25) | |
| Posterior cingulate (BA 31, 32) | 474/593 | 3.5 (4, −56, 26)/3.5 (−1, −51, 27) | |
| Anterior cingulate | 385/− | 3.0 (9, 35, 9)/− | |
| Parietal | |||
| Precuneus | 770/415 | 3.3 (6, −59, 18)/3.4 (−7, −44, 51) | |
| Occipital | |||
| Middle occipital gyrus | 1541/− | 4.5(43, −78, −9)/− | |
| Inferior occipital gyrus | 800/− | 4.8(36, −88, −7)1− | |
| Lingual gyrus | 356/− | 3.4(30, −76, −10)/− | |
| SAD < BD-P | |||
| Temporal | |||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 267/356 | 3.0(30, −15, −13)/3.8 (−19, −4, −15) | |
| Basal ganglia | |||
| Lentiform nucleus | 356/207 | 3.9(15, 10, −2)/3.0(−25, 1, −6) | |
| SAD > BD-P | |||
| Frontal | |||
| Middle frontal gyrus | 119/− | 3.0 (27, 39, 44)/− | |
| Middle occipital gyrus | 237/− | 3.2 (50, −68, −10)/− | |
| Cerebellum (Tonsil) | 148/− | 3.0(27, −53, −40)/− | |
SZ—individuals with schizophrenia, SAD—individuals with schizoaffective disorder, BD-P—individuals with psychotic bipolar I disorder, HC—healthy controls, BA—Brodmann area, FDR—false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons.