Table 3.

Regional cortical and subcortical volume differences between the psychosis groups and healthy controls, and across the psychosis dimension based on FreeSurfer analyses.

Region of interest	Volume (mm³), Mean ± S.D.				ANCOVA

Psychosis groups vs. healthy controls contrast
	SZ	SAD	BD-P	HC
Frontal					SZ<HC
Left inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis)	3058 ± 649	3576 ± 710	3489 ± 864	3830 ± 779	F (1,25)=9.74, P=0.005^*
Left precentral gyrus	12755 ± 1587	13439 ± 1799	13013 ± 1658	13598 ± 1779	F (1,25) = 10.02, P=0.004n
Right precentral gyrus	12730 ± 1697	13760 ± 1874	1334 ± 2099	13849 ± 1572	F (1,25)=10.23, P=0.004^*
Right superior frontal gyrus	20304 ± 3226	21449 ± 3024	20846 ± 3259	21731 ± 2705	F (1,25) = 9.42, P=0.005^*
Right paracentral lobule	3727 ± 599	4151 ± 853	3993 ± 603	4110 ± 455	F (1,25) = 10.02, P=0.004n
Temporal
Left middle temporal gyrus	10783 ± 1902	11694 ± 1774	10751 ± 2248	11368 ± 846	F (1,25)=5.85, P=0.023
Left inferior temporal gyrus	10088 ± 1697	11217 ± 1981	10713 ± 2549	10734 ± 1621	F (1,25)=7.79, P=0.01
Right middle temporal gyrus	11384 ± 1666	12160 ± 1919	11952 ± 2545	12393 ± 1119	F(1,25) = 7.83, P=0.01
*Parietal*
Left precuneus	9112 ± 1556	10039 ± 1332	10181 ± 2100	9700 ± 1087	F(1,25) = 6.23, P=0.02
Left inferior parietal gyrus	12895 ± 2356	13793 ± 1780	12911 ± 2311	14187 ± 2636	F (1,25)=5.64, P=0.026
Limbic (right hippocampus)	3916 ± 489	3815 ± 428	3975 ± 644	4091 ± 439	F (1,25)=4.63, P=0.041
Right thalamus	6765 ± 793	6672 ± 852	6854 ± 1208	6799 ± 714	F (1,25)=6.36, P=0.02
Right thalamus	6765 ± 793	6672 ± 852	6854 ± 1208	6799 ± 714	SZ > HC
Basal ganglia (left globus pallidus)	1808 ± 244	1634 ± 271	1691 ± 249	1569 ± 245	F (1,25) = 5.58, P=0.03
Limbic					SAD < HC
Left hippocampus	4049 ± 496	3885 ± 439	4096 ± 610	4073 ± 324	F (1,22)=4.91, P=0.037
Right hippocampus	3916 ± 489	3815 ± 428	3975 ± 644	4091 ± 439	F (1,22)=6.63, P=0.017^*
Basal ganglia (right caudate)	3651 ± 618	3538 ± 399	3666 ± 532	3694 ± 410	F(1,22) = 5.24, P=0.032
Right thalamus	6765 ± 793	6672 ± 852	6854 ± 1208	6799 ± 714	F(1,22) = 5.33, P=0.031
Psychosis dimension contrast

	SZ	SAD	BD-P
Frontal				SZ < BD-P
Left inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis)	3058 ± 649	3576 ± 710	3489 ± 864	F(l,32)=4.59, P=0.039
Left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis)	4494 ± 869	4992 ± 722	5063 ± 1040	F (1,32)=6.07, P=0.019
Right superior frontal gyrus (paracentral lobule)	3727 ± 599	4151 ± 853	3993 ± 603	F (1,32)=4.02, P=0.05
Temporal
Left parahippocampal gyrus	2381 ± 356	2604 ± 447	2635 ± 575	F(1,32) = 7.07, P=0.012
Cingulate gyrus
Left isthmus/central cingulate	2271 ± 391	2513 ± 460	2580 ± 636	F(1,32) = 5.72, P=0.023
Parietal
Left superior parietal gyrus	12878 ± 1805	13123 ± 1577	13766 ± 2503	F (1,32)=4.63, P=0.039
Left precuneus	9112 ± 1556	10038 ± 1332	10180 ± 2100	F(1,32) = 11.72, P=0.002^*
Right precuneus	9165 ± 1267	9566 ± 1195	9820 ± 1859	F (1,32)=6.04, P=0.02
Occipital
Left lingual gyrus	7478 ± 1175	7791 ± 1517	8330 ± 1928	F(1,32) = 7.93, P=0.008^*
Right lingual gyrus	6794 ± 1222	6993 ± 1251	7434 ± 1549	F(1,32) = 5.66, P=0.023
Right pericalcarine gyrus	2249 ± 554	2401 ± 491	2647 ± 561	F(1,32) = 6.11, P=0.019
Limbic (Right amygdala)	1728 ± 379	1790 ± 279	1850 ± 220	F (1,32)=4.25, P=0.047
Left cerebellar cortex	52590 ± 6119	51376 ± 5193	49602 ± 6947	F (1,32)=5.28, P=0.028
Temporal				SAD > SZ
Left inferior temporal gyrus	10088 ± 1697	11217 ± 1981	10713 ± 2549	F (1,31) = 9.93, P=0.004n
Cingulate gyrus
Right rostral anterior cingulate	1784 ± 427	2073 ± 319	1839 ± 509	F(1,31) = 5.35, P=0.028
Limbic				SAD < BD-P
Left hippocampus	4049 ± 496	3885 ± 439	4096 ± 610	F (1,29) = 9.64, P=0.004n
Right hippocampus	3916 ± 489	3814 ± 428	3975 ± 644	F(1,29) = 6.76, P=0.014^*
Left amygdala	1572 ± 265	1565 ± 155	1646 ± 322	F (1,29) = 5.49, P=0.026
Right thalamus	6519 ± 669	6389 ± 745	6751 ± 1190	F (1,29) = 6.2, P=0.002
Left thalamus	6765 ± 793	6672 ± 852	6854 ± 1208	F(1,29) = 11.5, P=0.019
Basal ganglia				SZ > BD-P
Left globus pallidus	1808 ± 244	1634 ± 271	691 ± 249	F(1,32) = 5.81, P=0.02^*
Right globus pallidu	1760 ± 261	1592 ± 317	1631 ± 241	F(1,32) = 5.07, P=0.031
				SZ > SAD
Left thalamus	6765 ± 793	6389 ± 745	6854 ± 1208	F(1,29) = 6.20, P=0.019
Cingulate gyrus				SAD > BD-P
Left caudal anterior cingulate	1957 ± 417	2139 ± 538	1811 ± 428	F(1,29) = 5.89, P=0.022

SZ—individuals with schizophrenia, SAD—individuals with schizoaffective disorder, BD-P—individuals with psychotic bipolar I disorder, HC—healthy controls, S.D.—standard deviation.

ANCOVA (analyses of covariance) were adjusted for age and intracranial volume. Only statistically significant between group differences are reported. Regions that remained significant after Bonferroni correction marked with asterisk. Bonferroni correction within each lobe/subcortical regions were applied: (1) frontal lobe included 11 regions (superior frontal gyrus, rostral and caudal middle frontal gyrus, pars triangularis, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis, medial and lateral orbito-frontal gyrus, frontal pole, precentral gyrus, and paracentral lobule), corrected P=0.005; (2) temporal lobe included 8 regions (superior, medial, inferior, transverse, fusiform, parahippocampal gyri, entorhinal cortex, and temporal pole), corrected P = 0.006; (3) cingulate gyrus included 4 regions (rostral and caudal anterior cingulate, isthmus and posterior cingulate), corrected P=0.01; parietal lobe included 5 regions (superior, inferior, precentral and supramarginal gyri, and precuneus), corrected P=0.01; occipital lobe included 4 regions (cuneus, lingual, pericalcarine, and lateral occipital gyri), corrected P=0.01; limbic system included 3 regions (hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus), corrected P=0.02; basal ganglia included 3 regions (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus), corrected P=0.02.