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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 6.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2011 Dec 28;50(4):954–964. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.013

Figure 2.

Figure 2

HS5 enhanced BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells. (A) All the GAGs dose-dependently enhanced BMP-2-induced ALP activity. HS5 showed comparable activity to heparin but was superior compared to pHS and bHS. (B) HS5 and heparin enhanced BMP-2-induced osteocalcin mRNA expression, presented here as relative expression unit (REU), but not RUNX2. C2C12 cells were cultured in the presence/absence of 100 ng/mL of BMP-2 with increasing amount of GAG (ALP assay) or 3 μg/mL of GAG (transcript expression) for 3 days prior to harvesting the cells. (C) HS5 enhanced BMP-2 induced mineralization while heparin inhibited it. C2C12 cells were cultured in osteogenic media in the presence/absence of 100 ng/mL BMP-2 and 3 μg/mL of GAG for 14 days prior to Alizarin Red staining, scale: 300 μm. Significant difference when compared to BMP-2 treatment alone is represented as * p<0.05. Significant difference when compared to BMP-2 in combination with HS5 at equivalent dose is represented as ** p<0.05, while with either heparin or HS5 at equivalent dose is represented as # p<0.05.