Figure 5A–C. Rapamycin protects against the cytotoxic effects of AMA in HL-1 and AC16 cardiomyocytes. (A and B) HL-1 cells were pre-treated with vehicle control or 1 µM rapamycin for 16 h, followed by incubation with 50 µM AMA for an additional 32 h, in the absence or presence of rapamycin. Cell viability was subsequently assessed using trypan blue exclusion assay (A) or cell lysates were collected and immunoblotted for PARP1 (B). GAPDH is used as a loading control. (C). HL-1 cells were pretreated with vehicle control or 1 µM rapamycin for 16 h, followed by incubation with 50 µM AMA for an additional 24 h, in the absence or presence of rapamycin. Phase contrast images of cells were subsequently taken. Representative images are shown.