Table 1.
Proteins that interact with telomeric DNA and shelterin components.
| Protein | Org. | Binding partners | Function(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CST | h | Tel-DNA, POT1-TPP1 | Inhibition of telomerase activity | Chen et al. (2012) |
| MRE11, RAD50, NBS1 | h, m | TRF2, TRF1 | DDR; 3′-overhang generation | Wu et al. (2000, 2007a), Zhu et al. (2000), Misri et al. (2008), Deng et al. (2009a) |
| ATM | h | TRF2 | Role in DDR | Karlseder et al. (2004) |
| Rad9 | h | TRF2, Rad51 | DDR; role in HR | Pandita et al. (2006) |
| WRN | h | Tel-DNA, TRF1, TRF2, POT1, Ku70/80, BLM | DNA replication; resolution of secondary structures; inhibition of telomere circle formation | Opresko et al. (2004, 2005), Li et al. (2008) |
| FEN1 | h | TRF2, WRN | Telomere replication | Saharia et al. (2008, 2010) |
| PINX1 | h | TERT; recruited by TRF1 | Inhibition of telomerase activity | Zhou and Lu (2001) |
| GNL3L | h | TRF1 | TRF1 homodimerization and stabilization | Zhu et al. (2009) |
| NS | m, h | TRF1 | TRF1 turnover | Zhu et al. (2006) |
| PIN1 | h, m | TRF1 (phosphoT149) | TRF1 turnover | Lee et al. (2009) |
| Fbx4 | h | TRF1 | TRF1 turnover | Lee et al. (2006) |
| Apollo | h, m | Tel-DNA; recruited by TRF2 | 3′-Overhang maintenance | Freibaum and Counter (2006), Lenain et al. (2006), Lam et al. (2010), Wu et al. (2010) |
| PNUTS | h | Recruited by TRF2 | Possible role in DDR | Kim et al. (2009), Landsverk et al. (2010) |
| MCPH1 (BRIT1) | h | Recruited by TRF2 | Possible role in DDR | Kim et al. (2009), Lin et al. (2010) |
| Ku70/80 | h, m | TRF1, TRF2 | Telomere protection from deletions and HDR | Hsu et al. (2000), Celli et al. (2006), Wang et al. (2009) |
| DNA-PKcs | m | Tel-DNA | Telomere capping | d’Adda di Fagagna et al. (2001), Gilley et al. (2001) |
| ATRX | h | Tel-DNA | Incorporation of H3.3 at telomeres | Law et al. (2010) |
| CSB | h | TRF2 | Telomere stability; TERRA homeostasis | Batenburg et al. (2012) |
| TRIP6, LPP | h | TRF2, TIN2, probably POT1 | Possible DDR inhibition | Sheppard and Loayza (2010) |
| HP1γ | h | TIN2 | Maintenance of telomere cohesion | Canudas et al. (2011) |
| RTEL1 | m | nd | T-loop disassembling; G4-DNA unwinding; prevention of telomere fragility | Vannier et al. (2012) |
| BLM | h | TRF1, TRF2, WRN | G4-DNA unwinding; resolution of late-replicating structures | Sun et al. (1998), von Kobbe et al. (2002), Barefield and Karlseder (2012) |
| SIRT1 | m | Tel-DNA, Nbs1, WRN | Promotion of HR; TL | Palacios et al. (2010) |
| Tankyrase 1 | h | TRF1, DNA-PKcs | T-SCE suppression and DNA-PKcs stabilization | Dregalla et al. (2010) |
org, organism; h, human; m, mouse; nd, not determined; tel-DNA, telomeric DNA; DDR, DNA damage response; HR, homologous recombination; NHEJ, non-homologous end-joining; HDR, homology directed repair; TERRA, telomeric repeat containing RNA; G4-DNA, G-quadruplex DNA; TL, telomere lengthening; T-SCE, telomere sister chromatid exchanges.