Table 2.
Bivariate associations of demographics, health status, social factors, and PLHA visits with time to linkage for men and women
| Variable | Men
|
Women
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Enrolled within 3 months
|
HR for time to enroll (95% CI)a | Z | P value | N | Enrolled within 3 months
|
HR for time to enroll (95% CI)a | Z | P value | |||
| No. | % | No. | % | |||||||||
| Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (standardized to mean 34.7 ± 9.2) | 120 | 1.64 (1.23–2.19) | 3.36 | 0.001 | 318 | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 2.67 | 0.008 | ||||
| Education level | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| None or primary school | 80 | 51 | 63.8 | 1 | 256 | 164 | 64.1 | 1 | ||||
| Secondary and above | 42 | 27 | 64.3 | 1.11 (0.72–1.73) | 0.48 | 0.631 | 77 | 63 | 81.8 | 1.63 (1.18–2.25) | 0.003 | |
| Marital status | 120 | 327 | ||||||||||
| Married | 95 | 64 | 67.4 | 1 | 202 | 126 | 62.4 | 1 | ||||
| Single | 11 | 2 | 18.2 | 0.15 (0.04–0.51)b | −3.00 | 0.003 | 27 | 19 | 70.4 | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.63 | 0.529 |
| Widowed or separated | 14 | 12 | 85.7 | 1.57 (0.99–2.50) | 1.91 | 0.056 | 98 | 78 | 79.6 | 1.59 (1.47–1.72) | 11.40 | <0.001 |
| Farming | 121 | 318 | ||||||||||
| No | 81 | 45 | 55.6 | 1 | 178 | 110 | 61.8 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 32 | 80.0 | 1.95 (1.51–2.52)b | 5.10 | <0.001 | 140 | 106 | 75.7 | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) | 1.64 | 0.100 |
| Housework only | 0 | 318 | ||||||||||
| No | 276 | 192 | 69.6 | |||||||||
| Yes | 42 | 24 | 57.1 | 0.67 (0.60–0.76) | −6.23 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Manual labor | 121 | 318 | ||||||||||
| No | 89 | 60 | 67.4 | 1 | 295 | 201 | 68.1 | |||||
| Yes | 32 | 17 | 53.1 | 0.69 (0.62–0.77) | −6.87 | <0.001 | 23 | 15 | 65.2 | 0.96 (0.56–1.65) | −0.15 | 0.879 |
| Religionc | 61 | 172 | ||||||||||
| Protestant | 10 | 7 | 70.0 | 1 | 46 | 32 | 69.6 | 1 | ||||
| African independent | 28 | 14 | 50.0 | 0.45 (0.36–0.56)b | −7.23 | <0.001 | 62 | 33 | 53.2 | 0.65 (0.45–0.93) | −2.32 | 0.020 |
| Roman catholic | 14 | 10 | 71.4 | 0.74 (0.35–1.57) | −0.78 | 0.433 | 39 | 30 | 76.9 | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) | 0.54 | 0.591 |
| Other | 7 | 6 | 85.7 | 1.53 (0.62–3.77) | 0.93 | 0.353 | 25 | 20 | 80.0 | 1.19 (0.78–1.81)b | 0.79 | 0.427 |
| Health status | 122 | 330 | ||||||||||
| Self-evaluation of overall health | ||||||||||||
| Poor-fair | 35 | 20 | 57.1 | 1 | 112 | 70 | 62.5 | 1 | ||||
| Good–excellent | 87 | 58 | 66.7 | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | 1.14 | 0.256 | 218 | 156 | 71.6 | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.68 | 0.093 |
| Alcohol use in past 4 weeks | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| No | 74 | 59 | 79.7 | 1 | 323 | 220 | 68.1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 48 | 19 | 39.6 | 0.43 (0.26–0.71) | −3.34 | 0.001 | 10 | 7 | 70.0 | 1.35 (1.02–1.80) | 2.09 | 0.037 |
| Social factors | ||||||||||||
| Has a Confidante | 122 | 331 | ||||||||||
| No | 29 | 12 | 41.4 | 1 | 98 | 56 | 57.1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 93 | 66 | 71.0 | 1.94 (1.09–3.44) | 2.25 | 0.025 | 233 | 170 | 73.0 | 1.64 (0.89–3.02)b | 1.60 | 0.11 |
| Total anticipated stigma | 121 | 0.87 (0.22–3.43)b | 0.846 | 317 | 0.45 (0.20–1.00)b | 0.049 | ||||||
| Anticipated stigma from family | 121 | 327 | ||||||||||
| No | 101 | 66 | 65.4 | 1 | 247 | 174 | 70.5 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 12 | 60.0 | 0.81 (0.45–1.45) | −0.19 | 0.484 | 80 | 47 | 58.8 | 0.68 (0.43–1.07)b | −1.97 | 0.095 |
| Anticipated negative reaction from partner | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| No | 83 | 55 | 66.3 | 1 | 171 | 119 | 69.6 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 14 | 10 | 71.4 | 0.98 (0.58–1.69)b | −0.04 | 0.967 | 71 | 46 | 64.8 | 0.70 (0.50–0.99) | −2.04 | 0.041 |
| Missing (includes N/A) | 25 | 13 | 52.0 | 0.69 (0.41–1.18)b | − 1.35 | 0.178 | 91 | 62 | 68.10 | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | −0.54 | 0.592 |
| Self-stigma scale | 122 | 0.71 (0.51–1.01) | −1.93 | 0.054 | 330 | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | −1.60 | 0.110 | ||||
| Disclosure to spouse | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| No | 48 | 24 | 50.0 | 1 | 176 | 125 | 71.0 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 74 | 54 | 73.0 | 1.86 (1.28–2.69)b | 1.86 | 0.001 | 157 | 102 | 65.0 | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | −0.29 | 0.775 |
| Disclosure to family | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| No | 77 | 40 | 52.0 | 1 | 193 | 120 | 62.2 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 45 | 38 | 84.4 | 2.02 (1.28–3.17) | 3.02 | 0.002 | 140 | 107 | 76.4 | 1.45 (1.11–1.90)b | 2.71 | 0.007 |
| Perceived discrimination scale | 122 | 1.29 (0.95–1.77) | 1.61 | 0.107 | 330 | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | −0.64 | 0.520 | ||||
| ART beliefs | ||||||||||||
| Uncertainty around ART knowledge | 120 | 0.11 (0.03–0.40)b | −3.40 | 0.001 | 329 | 0.26 (0.09–0.71) | −2.61 | 0.009 | ||||
| Uncertainty around ART availability | 114 | 0.046 (0.01–0.27) | −3.42 | 0.001 | 291 | 0.221 (0.09–0.56) | −3.16 | 0.002 | ||||
| PLHA navigator | ||||||||||||
| Received a visit | 122 | 333 | ||||||||||
| No | 50 | 28 | 56.0 | 1 | 116 | 71 | 61.2 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 72 | 50 | 69.4 | 1.48 (1.08–2.04)b | 2.41 | 0.016 | 217 | 156 | 71.9 | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) | 2.87 | 0.004 |
a
Table includes hazard ratios (HR) for all variables with P value <0.10 for at least one of the groups (men or women) and is adjusted for clustering by site, otherwise unadjusted
b
Association is not proportional
c
Low response rate to this question due to inaccurate initial categories