Table 7.
Parameter estimates for immigrant versus native-born populations in the pooled 11 country sample
| Physician visits |
GP visits |
Hospital visits |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative binomial |
Negative binomial |
Poisson |
Logit |
|||||
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
| M4-GDP | ||||||||
| Immigrant | 0.08*** | (0.025) | 0.06** | (0.025) | 0.23*** | (0.073) | 0.23** | (0.101) |
| Age | 0.00** | (0.000) | 0.01*** | (0.001) | 0.01*** | (0.002) | −0.02*** | (0.003) |
| Sex | 0.06*** | (0.013) | 0.06*** | (0.014) | 0.13*** | (0.042) | 0.18*** | (0.060) |
| % GDP spent | 0.06*** | (0.009) | 0.04*** | (0.001) | 0.10*** | (0.032) | −0.35*** | (0.045) |
| No of symptoms | 0.18*** | (0.004) | 0.16*** | (0.005) | 0.06*** | (0.011) | −0.21*** | (0.017) |
| Hear and vascular diseases | 0.11*** | (0.005) | 0.12*** | (0.005) | 0.02 | (0.016) | −0.11*** | (0.021) |
| Lung conditions | 0.09*** | (0.014) | 0.10*** | (0.015) | 0.14*** | (0.034) | −0.03 | (0.052) |
| Cancer | 0.42*** | (0.027) | 0.21*** | (0.029) | 0.47*** | (0.055) | −0.78*** | (0.093) |
| Diabetes | 0.37* | (0.021) | 0.36* | (0.022) | 0.18*** | (0.062) | −0.66*** | (0.093) |
| Fractures | 0.08*** | (0.043) | 0.08* | (0.044) | 0.05 | (0.095) | −1.02*** | (0.190) |
| Years of education | −0.02*** | (0.002) | −0.03*** | (0.002) | 0.00 | (0.005) | −0.01 | (0.007) |
| Employment | −0.36 | (0.018) | −0.33*** | (0.019) | 0.61*** | (0.082) | −0.11 | (0.101) |
| Extended access | −0.02 | (0.021) | 0.00 | (0.021) | 0.04 | (0.066) | −0.08 | (0.093) |
| Full coverage | 0.15*** | (0.020) | 0.16*** | (0.020) | 0.05 | (0.066) | −0.07 | (0.093) |
| Pseudo-R2 | 49.30% | 48.72% | 50.50% | |||||
| M5-Dr. Pay, density, gatekeeper | ||||||||
| Immigrant | 0.07*** | (0.025) | 0.03 | (0.025) | 0.20*** | (0.072) | 0.19* | (0.101) |
| Age | 0.00* | (0.001) | 0.01*** | (0.001) | −0.01*** | (0.002) | −0.02*** | (0.003) |
| Sex | 0.06*** | (0.013) | 0.06*** | (0.014) | −0.14*** | (0.044) | 0.18*** | (0.060) |
| Capitation | −0.27*** | (0.022) | −0.33*** | (0.022) | −0.37*** | (0.077) | −0.55*** | (0.100) |
| Fee-for-service | −0.08 | (0.027) | −0.08*** | (0.023) | −0.02 | (0.081) | −0.73*** | (0.113) |
| Salary | – | – | – | – | ||||
| GP gatekeeper | −0.16*** | (0.024) | −0.13*** | (0.025) | 0.32*** | (0.070) | 0.16 | (0.101) |
| Dr. per 1,000 | −0.18*** | (0.027) | −0.17*** | (0.028) | −0.06 | (0.088) | −0.14 | (0.119) |
| No of symptoms | 0.18*** | (0.005) | 0.15*** | (0.004) | 0.07*** | (0.011) | −0.20*** | (0.017) |
| Heart and vascular diseases | 0.10*** | (0.005) | 0.12*** | (0.005) | 0.01 | (0.016) | −0.11*** | (0.022) |
| Lung conditions | 0.10*** | (0.014) | 0.11*** | (0.014) | 0.14*** | (0.035) | −0.03 | (0.053) |
| Cancer | 0.43*** | (0.028) | 0.22*** | (0.029) | 0.46*** | (0.055) | −0.79*** | (0.094) |
| Diabetes | 0.36*** | (0.021) | 0.35*** | (0.021) | −0.19*** | (0.063) | −0.67*** | (0.102) |
| Fractures | 0.08* | (0.043) | 0.07* | (0.044) | 0.02 | (0.093) | −0.96*** | (0.186) |
| Years of education | −0.02*** | (0.002) | −0.03*** | (0.002) | 0.00 | (0.005) | 0.00 | (0.007) |
| Employment | −0.35*** | (0.018) | −0.33*** | (0.019) | −0.56*** | (0.082) | −0.07 | (0.100) |
| Extended access | 0.00 | (0.022) | −0.02 | (0.022) | −0.20* | (0.068) | −0.28*** | (0.096) |
| Full coverage | 0.11*** | (0.009) | 0.11*** | (0.020) | −0.07 | (0.068) | −0.05 | (0.096) |
| Pseudo-R2 | 49.30% | 48.63% | 41.74% | |||||
M4 age, gender, immigrant status, health, GDP socioeconomic status, and supplementary insurance coverage
M5 age, gender, immigrant status, Dr. pay, GP gatekeeper, Dr. density, health, socioeconomic status, and supplementary insurance coverage.
Dr. type of payment: Capitation, Fee-for-service, and Salary (reference category). GP acts as a gatekeeper: YES or NO (reference category). For hospital visits, each column contains the results for the ZIP, the Poisson model and the logit model estimations, using the nlmixed procedure in SAS
A positive parameter in the logit equation means a higher probability of not being a hospital user
Source SHARE data, 2004 (individuals 50+)
Significance levels *** P < 0.01;
P < 0.05;
P < 0.1.
Standard errors in parentheses