Fig. 7.

Up-regulation of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway. Western blots of Nrf-2 (A), HO-1 (B), MRP-3 (C), and NQO-1 (D) from the liver homogenates of the control and DR groups. Beta-actin (Actb) was used as a loading control. Bar charts below the blots represent the comparison of the mean band intensities for the levels of the proteins normalized to that of the Actb. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test, and the resulting p values are indicated. Error bars represent standard deviation. All the animals for which metabolomics data were obtained were tested (control, n = 8; DR, n = 13).