Table 3.
Logistic regressions of ADHD diagnosis with crude and adjusted odds ratios for demographic, child, school, and family variables for community and treatment populations in Puerto Rico
| Community (N=1,897) | Treatment (N=763) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR | Adjusted OR | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | |
| Demographics (caretaker’s report) | ||||
| Careteaker’s education | ||||
| < High School | 1.14 (0.63–2.07) | 1.11 (0.55–2.25) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | 0.72 (0.47–1.09) |
| High School | – | – | – | – |
| > High School | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | 0.94 (0.46–1.91) | 1.15 (0.76–1.73) | 1.20 (0.77–1.87) |
| Not married | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) |
| Poverty perception | ||||
| Live well | – | – | – | – |
| Live paycheck-paycheck | 1.20 (0.72–2.00) | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 1.45** (1.01–2.09) | 1.26 (0.84–1.88) |
| Live poorly | 2.20*** (1.29–3.76) | 1.73 (0.87–3.46) | 1.44 (0.96–2.15) | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) |
| Child (caretaker’s report) | ||||
| Gender (male) | 2.32** (1.36–3.97) | 2.67*** (1.43–5.01) | 1.81** (1.24–2.62) | 2.32**** (1.43–3.76) |
| Agea | 0.91** (0.86–0.96) | 0.91***b (0.85–0.97) | 0.86** (0.82–0.90) | 0.81****b (0.77–0.86) |
| Treatment prematurity | 2.83** (1.30–6.16) | 2.46*** (1.12–5.42) | 1.66** (1.00–2.74) | 1.30 (0.69–2.45) |
| Speech/language problems | 2.82** (1.61–4.95) | 1.48 (0.71–3.09) | 2.71** (1.90–3.86) | 2.51**** (1.60–3.96) |
| Child’s health problems | 1.80** (1.13–2.85) | 1.23 (0.72–2.10) | 1.59** (1.12–2.24) | 0.88 (0.56–1.36) |
| Sleep problems (last year) | 4.64** (2.97–7.24) | 2.16** (1.15–4.03) | 2.80** (2.01–3.91) | 1.26 (0.83–1.92) |
| Number of non ADHD disordersa | 3.84**** (2.71–5.45) | 3.88**** (2.70–5.59) | 2.30**** (1.89–2.78) | 2.32**** (1.90–2.83) |
| School (caretaker’s report) | ||||
| Special education/counseling | 4.97** (3.04–8.13) | 5.04**** (2.85–8.90) | 3.52** (2.50–4.97) | 3.41**** (2.31–5.03) |
| Grade failure | 1.40 (0.85–2.29) | 0.63 (0.32–1.25) | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 0.67** (0.46–0.98) |
| School suspension/expulsion | 2.46** (1.31–4.63) | 1.13 (0.55–2.33) | 1.56** (1.11–2.17) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) |
| Family (caretaker’s report) | ||||
| Caretaker childhood I or HI | 4.88** (3.01–7.91) | 1.83* (0.96–3.49) | 2.39** (1.70–3.36) | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) |
| Caretaker depression | 4.08** (2.59–6.41) | 1.20 (0.67–2.14) | 1.54** (1.14–2.09) | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) |
| Caretaker expulsion/arrested | 2.69** (1.52–4.76) | 1.42 (0.70–2.85) | 2.19** (1.51–3.18) | 1.87*** (1.19–2.94) |
| Family Burden Scalea | 1.41** (1.32–1.52) | 1.19*** (1.06–1.33) | 1.20** (1.15–1.26) | 1.08*** (1.02–1.14) |
| Parent–Child Attachment Scalea | 0.80** (0.76–0.83) | 0.90**** (0.85–0.95) | 0.88** (0.85–0.91) | 0.96* (0.91–1.00) |
| Negative Discipline Scalea | 1.54** (1.33–1.78) | 1.19*** (1.05–1.35) | 1.35** (1.24–1.47) | 1.18*** (1.06–1.31) |
| Social Support Scalea | 0.77** (0.68–0.88) | 1.07 (0.88–1.32) | 0.83** (0.75–0.91) | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) |
| Family (youth’s age 9–17 report) | ||||
| Negative Discipline Scale a | 1.39**** (1.20–1.61) | 1.36c (1.19–1.56) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 1.03c (0.92–1.15) |
| Parent–Child Involvement Scale a | 0.96** (0.92–1.00) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) |
Ninety-five percent confidence intervals in parentheses. For demographic variables, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) control for number of disorders other than ADHD. For child, school, and family variables, the adjusted OR control for caretaker’s education, marital status, perception of poverty, and number of comorbid diagnoses, as well as for the other variables in the model. For the number of disorders variables, adjustment was made only with the previously mentioned demographic variables. ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, I inattention, HI hyperactivity–impulsivity.
Continuous variables; unfootnoted variables are binary.
p<0.01 for the difference of the adjusted regression coefficients between community and clinical samples.
p<0.001 for the difference of the adjusted regression coefficients between community and clinical samples.
p=0.06,
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001