Table 1a.
A summary of studies on altitude and hypoxic training with swimmers.
| Authors | Hypoxic Group | Type of training | Research schedule | Post-altitude and altitude of swimming, hematological, biochemical, endurance results (↑) improment, (→) no change, (↓) deterioration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | ||||
| Miyashita et al. (1988) | 8♂, (13–19y) | LH+TH | 21 day swimming training at altitude 2300m (Mexico City, Mexico) | →V competition 100m, ↑ V competition 200m, ↑ RBC, →Hb, ↑Htc |
| no | ||||
| 4♀, 8♂ (13–18y) | ↑RBC, ↑Hb, ↑Htc, V (not measured) | |||
| no | ||||
| Martino et al. (1995) | 12♀, 8♂ | 21 day sprint swimming training at altitude 2800m | ↑V 100m; ↑peak power [W] and →mean power [W] of upper extremities in Wingate test. No significant improvement in the control group | |
| 7♀, 6♂ | ||||
| Pyne (1998) | 8♀, 14♂ | 24 day swimming training camp at altitude 2100m (Flagstaff, USA) | ↑V max in 5x200m test, →La/V (lactate-velocity curve in 5×200m test) | |
| no | ||||
| Tachi et al. (2002) | 3♀, 3♂, (18.0±1.3y) | Two separate altitude swimming camps with 1,5 month gap, at 2100m (Flagstaff, USA)First held 21 day, second 19, 21 or 30 day for each pair of swimmers | ↑(ns) shift to the right La/V of lactate-velocity curve in incremental swimming tests through and after both camps | |
| no | ||||
| Roels et al.. (2006) | 8♂ (16.3±0.9y) | Two 13 days camps separated by 6 weeks of sea level training. First camp held on ≈1200m, second camp held on ≈1850m | Camp I: 1200m: ↑sTfR, →MCV, ↓Reticulocytes [%], →RBC, →VEmax, →VO2max, ↑V 2000m. Camp II: 1850m: ↑ sTfR, ↑ MCV, ↑Reticulocytes [%], → RBC, →VEmax, →VO2max, →V 2000m |
|
| no | ||||
| Ogita et al. (1999) | 9♂, (20.0±1.0y) | IHT | High intensity intermittent training under hypoxic hypobaric condition on ≈3000m, 2h d−1·5d · wk −1·2 wk | ↑anaerobic capacity-MAOD, ↑time and velocity of submaximal swimming in flume, →VO2max |
| no | ||||
| Ogita (2006) | 6♂ | The training under hypoxic hypobaric conditions for 2 sessions daily · 5d · wk −1·3 wk on ≈1600m and ≈2400m | ↑V100, ↑V200, ↑VO2max, ↑anaerobic capacity –MAOD (improvement of both indices) | |
| 6♂ | ||||
| Truijens et al. (2003) | 5♀, 3♂, (28.8±12.1y) | High-intensity interval training sessions under hypoxia in a flume 3d·wk−1· 5 wk on ≈2500m and supplemental low or moderate-intensity sessions under normoxia in a pool | ↑V 100m and ↑V 400m freestyle as well as ↑VO2max and ↑VEmax in both hypoxic and placebo groups, → anaerobic capacity –MAOD, → swimming economy, →Hb, →Htc | |
| 5♀, 3♂, (28.9±9.2y) |
♀ – woman; ♂ – man; LH+TH – live high and train high; V – swimming speed [m·s−1]; RBC – red blood cell count [10−6 ·μL−1]; Hb – haemoglobin [g·dL−1]; Htc – hematocrit [%]; sTfR – soluble transferrin receptor [nmol·l−1]; MCV – mean corpuscular volume [fl]; VEmax – maximal ventilation [l·min−1]; VO2max – maximal oxygen uptake [l·min−1]; ns – statistically nonsignificant; IHT – intermittent hypoxic training; MAOD – maximal accumulated O2 deficit.