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. 2013 Jan 15;61(9):2120–2129. doi: 10.1021/jf3046076

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of bioactive peptides and their derivatives on TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression: (A) bioactive peptides (IRW and IQW); (B) respective dipeptides of IRW (IR and RW); (C) respective dipeptides of IQW (IQ and QW); (D) individual amino acids (I, R, Q, and W); peptide sequence combination of respective amino acids (I+R+W and I+Q+W). Confluent HUVEC monolayers were pretreated for 20 h with peptides and amino acids prior to 4 h of incubation with 5 ng/mL TNF. VCAM-1 protein levels are expressed as fold increase over the untreated control. Bars represent mean values (mean ± SEM, n = 8 independent experiments). Representative Western blots are shown below. (###) P < 0.001, (##) P < 0.01, and (#) P < 0.05, compared to untreated control; (∗∗∗) P < 0.001, (∗∗) P < 0.01, and (∗) P < 0.05, compared to TNF alone. Bar graph having lighter color indicates that a particular treatment has a significant effect compared with TNF alone.