Table 1.

Ultrapure PRR ligands used in stimulation experiments with PBMCs

PRR	Ligand	Concn	Origin	Median cytokine production
TLR2	Pam3Cys	10 μg/ml	EMC Microcollections, Tuebingen,Germany	IL-1β, 445 pg/ml; TNF-α, 270 pg/ml; IL-6, 5,462 pg/ml; IL-10, 145.4 pg/ml
TLR3	Poly(I·C)	50 μg/ml	Invivogen, San Diego, CA	IL-1β, 39 pg/ml; TNF-α, 143.5 pg/ml; IL-6, 236.5 pg/ml; IL-10, 15.7 pg/ml
TLR4	E. coli LPS (O55,B5)	1 ng/ml	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO (further purified as described previously [20])	IL-1β, 525 pg/ml; TNF-α, 315.5 pg/ml; IL-6, 9,200 pg/ml; IL-10, 279 pg/ml
TLR5	Flagellin	1 μg/ml	Invivogen, San Diego, CA	IL-1β, 247 pg/ml; TNF-α, 145.5 pg/ml; IL-6, 5,775 pg/ml; IL-10, 139.2 pg/ml
TLR9	CpG	10 μg/ml	Invivogen, San Diego, CA	IL-1β, 39 pg/ml; TNF-α, 143.5 pg/ml; IL-6, 236.5 pg/ml; IL-10, 15.7 pg/ml
NOD2	Muramyldipeptide (MDP)	10 μg/ml	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	IL-1β, 39 pg/ml; TNF-α, 78 pg/ml; IL-6, 121.2 pg/ml; IL-10, 7 pg/ml
Dectin-1	β-Glucan	10 μg/ml	Kindly provided by G. D. Brown, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom	IL-1β, 39 pg/ml; TNF-α, 78 pg/ml; IL-6, 17.3 pg/ml; IL-10, 7 pg/ml
Mannose receptor (MR)	Mannan	10 μg/ml	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	IL-1β, 39 pg/ml; TNF-α, 78 pg/ml; IL-6, 15.6 pg/ml; IL-10, 4.7 pg/ml