Table 1.
Demography and distribution of parasite infection among study children in four Kwale County villages, Kenya
| Total (N = 2,030) | Nganja (N = 235) | Milalani (N = 416) | Vuga (N = 726) | Jego (N = 653) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age mean in years (range) | 11.0 (5–19) | 11.2 (5–19.5) | 11.1 (5–19) | 11.6 (5–19) | 10.4 (5–18) | 0.0715 |
| Female | 48% | 45% | 51% | 51% | 46% | 0.0852 |
| Parasitology prevalence | ||||||
| S. haematobium | 37% | 62% | 62% | 25% | 25% | < 0.0001 |
| Heavy intensity (> 50 eggs/10 mL urine) | 20% | 40% | 32% | 12% | 14% | 0.0095 |
| Light intensity (1–50 eggs/10 mL urine) | 17% | 21% | 30% | 13% | 11% | < 0.0001 |
| Hookworm | 20% | 23% | 28% | 11% | 24% | < 0.0001 |
| P. falciparum (ICT card positivity) | 16.4% | 8.5% | 18% | 11% | 24% | < 0.0001 |
| W. bancrofti | 9.8% | 6.4% | 9% | 16% | 4.3% | < 0.0001 |
| A. lumbricoides | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.8006 |
| T. trichiura | 18.1% | 37% | 37% | 8.9% | 10% | < 0.0001 |
| S. haematobium intensity mean eggs/10 mL | 109.4 | 195.6 | 138.3 | 52.3 | 51.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Hookworm intensity mean epg | 6.1 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 1.1 | 4.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Coinfection | ||||||
| S. haematobium–Trichuris | 9.6% | 25% | 23.5% | 2.6% | 3.2% | < 0.0001 |
| S. haematobium–hookworm | 9.3% | 15.3% | 17.5% | 4.2% | 7.6% | < 0.0001 |
| S. haematobium–Pf malaria | 6.9% | 6.4% | 14.9% | 2.9% | 6.7% | < 0.0001 |
| S. haematobium–filaria | 4.2% | 5.1% | 6.7% | 5.2% | 1.2% | < 0.0001 |
| Hookworm–Trichuris | 6% | 10.2% | 14.2% | 1.5% | 4.3% | < 0.0001 |
| Hookworm–Pf malaria | 4.7% | 3.4% | 6.9% | 1.2% | 7.6% | < 0.0001 |
| Hookworm–filaria | 1.3% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.4818 |
*
P value refers to significance of differences among the villages by ANOVA or χ2 testing.
ICT = rapid immuochromatography test for malaria. High- and low-risk villages refer to high and low S. haematobium prevalence, respectively.