Table 1.
Sample Description and Associations of Cigarette Advertising With School/Neighborhood Demographics: California High School Neighborhoods, 2006
| Descriptive measures |
Menthol advertising share of voice | Store advertised promotional offer |
|||
| (% of ads for menthol) | Newport (menthol) | Marlboro (nonmenthol) | |||
| % or M | SD | Coef (95% CI) | Odds (95% CI) | Odds (95% CI) | |
| Level 1: stores (n = 407) | |||||
| Intercept | 27.2** (24.4, 30.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 22.5** (10.1, 50.1) | ||
| Store type | |||||
| Convenience | 31% | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Gas only | 4% | −2.1 (−11.5, 7.3) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.2* (0.0, 0.9) | |
| Liquor | 14% | 3.5 (−2.1, 9.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) | |
| Other | 5% | −8.1** (−14.7, −1.5) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.1** (0.0, 0.3) | |
| Small market | 27% | −4.1 (−8.9, 0.7) | 0.3** (0.1, 0.5) | 0.1** (0.0, 0.2) | |
| Supermarket/drug store | 20% | −7.3** (−11.5, −3.1) | 0.2** (0.1, 0.5) | 0.1** (0.1, 0.3) | |
| Level 2: schools (n = 91) | |||||
| School enrollment | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White, % | 35% | 25% | |||
| Black, % | 7% | 7% | 5.9* (0.9, 10.9) | 1.5* (1.0, 2.2) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) |
| Asian/PI, % | 13% | 14% | −1.5 (−3.5, 0.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) |
| Hispanic, % | 39% | 26% | 0.0 (−1.6, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) |
| Other, % | 7% | 6% | −5.7** (−8.9, −2.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) |
| Free/reduced price meals, % | 34% | 24% | −1.8** (−3.0, −0.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) |
| School neighborhood | |||||
| Residents ages 10–17, % | 12% | 3% | 11.6* (1.7, 21.6) | 5.3* (1.5, 18.7) | 0.9 (0.2, 3.6) |
| Population density | 7454 | 4609 | 0.8* (0.0, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| Number of tobacco retailers | 8 | 7 | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) |
Note. Estimates for promotional offers by brand were derived from hierarchical generalized linear models. CI = confidence interval.
*p < .05; **p < .01.