Table 3. Detailed outcomes of each the published studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Source | Persons | Cohort (n) | Classification of CVD | No. of CVD | RR (95% CI) of CVD | Comparison | The highest vs. lowest categories* | Factors Controlled for in Multivariate Analysis |
| Dietary Magnesium Intake | ||||||||
| Ascherio(1998) | Male | 43,738 | Stroke | 328 | 0.92 (0.58, 1.46) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 452 vs. 243 (median) | Age, total intake of energy, potassium and fiber, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, parental history of myocardial infarction, profession, BMI and PA. |
| Liao(1998) | Male Female | 6155 7767 | CHD | 223 96 | 0.69 (0.45, 1.0)1.32 (0.68, 2.5) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | Range: 39.9–485.1 | Age, race, ARIC field center, smoking status, cigarette-years, alcohol drinking, PA, education level, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, WHR, diuretic use status, hormone replacement, SBP and diabetes status |
| Iso(1999) | Female | 85,764 | Stroke | 690 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.01) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 381 vs. 211 (median) | Age and smoking status. |
| Abbott(2003) | Male | 7172 | CHD | 1431 | 0.59(0.40,0.91) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 340–1138 vs. 50.3–186 | Age, BMI, the confounding dietary variable(s), total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, PA, smoking status, and alcohol intake. |
| Al-Delaimy (2004) | Male | 39,633 | CHD | 1449 | 0.82 (0.65, 1.05) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 453 vs. 261 (median) | Age, BMI, time period, energy intake, history of diabetes, history of high cholesterol, smoking status, aspirin intake, family history of MI, vitamin E, alcohol, PA, and nutrient variables (trans fatty acid, total protein, cereal fiber, folate, omega 3 fatty acid, potassium). |
| Song(2005) | Female | 39,876 | Total CVD events | 1037 | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 433 vs. 255 (median) | Age, BMI, randomized treatment assignment, total energy, smoking, PA, alcohol, multivitamin use, postmenopausal hormone use, history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and MI. |
| Larsson(2008) | Male | 26,556 | Stroke | 3281 | 0.87(0.77,0.97) † | Quintile(V vs. I) | 575 vs. 382 (median) | Age, BMI, supplementation group, smoking, BP, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-C, histories of diabetes and CHD,PA, alcohol, and total energy. |
| Weng(2008) | Female/Male | 1772 | Stroke | 132 | 0.68 (0.45, 1.04) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | >282.2 vs. <242.6 | Age, sex, smoking, area, central obesity, BMI, diabetes mellitus, physical activity, hypertension, use of antihypertensive drug, self-report heart disease, apolipoprotein B, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fibrinogen, plasminogen and alcohol intake |
| Ohira(2009) | Male/Female | 14,221 | Stroke | 557 | 0.80 (0.75, 1.13) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | >367 vs. <186 | Age, BMI, sex, race-field center, smoking, LDL-C, HDL-C, fibrinogen, vWf, education. SBP, antihypertensive medication, and diabetes. |
| Kaluza(2010) | Male | 23,366 | CVD death | 819 | 1.25 (0.96, 1.61) | Thirds(III v I) | ≧481 vs. <426 | Age, marital, education, self-reported health status, smoking status, PA, WHR, dietary fiber, saturated fatty acid, phosphorus, alcohol, vitamin D, calcium and intake. |
| Chiuve(2011) | Female | 88,375 | CVD death | 505 | 0.66 (0.46, 0.95) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | 383 vs. 235 (median) | Age, BMI, history of CVD, total calories, smoking, parental history of myocardial infarction, alcohol, PA, use of aspirin, postmenopausal hormones, diuretics, calcium, potassium, and vitamin D, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. |
| Larsson(2011) | Female | 34,670 | Stroke | 1680 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 373 vs. 267 (median) | Age, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, educational, BMI, PA, history of diabetes and hypertension, aspirin use, family history of MI, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, protein, cholesterol, total fiber, and folate. |
| Zhang(2012) | Male Female | 23,083 35,532 | CVD death | 1343 1347 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22)0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | Quintile(V vs. I) | 294 vs. 173 (median)274 vs. 175 (median) | BMI, smoking status, ethanol intake, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, sports time, walking time, educational status and perceived mental stress, and for women, menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy. |
| Serum Magnesium Concentrations | ||||||||
| Gartside (1995) | Female/Male | 8251 | Total CVD events | 492 | 0.68 (0.54,0.87) | Thirds(III v I) | ≧1.74 vs. <1.62 | Age, sex, quetelet index, PA, exercise, sedimentation rate, dietary iron, smoking, maximum weight, alcohol, and riboflavin. |
| Liao(1998) | Male Female | 6155 7767 | CHD | 223 96 | 0.84 (0.53,1.31) 0.55 (0.27, 1.14) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | ≧1.8 vs. ≦1.5 | Age, race, ARIC field center, smoking status, cigarette-years, alcohol drinking, PA, education, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, WHR, diuretic use status, hormone replacement, SBP and diabetes status. |
| Ford(1999) | Female/Male | 12,340 | CHD CVD death | 2637 1005 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) 0.69 (0.52, 0.90) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | ≧1.77 vs. <1.59† | Age, sex, race, education, smoking status, cholesterol, SBP, diabetes, antihypertensive medication, BMI, PA, and alcohol consumption. |
| Leone(2006) | Male | 4035 | CVD death | 56 | 0.6 (0.2–1.2) | Thirds(III v I) | Range: 0.477–3.538† | Age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, PA, LDL, HDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetes, and CVD history. |
| Ohira(2009) | Male/Female | 14,221 | Stroke | 557 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | ≧1.8 vs. ≦1.5 | Age, BMI, sex, race-field center, smoking, LDL-C, HDL-C, fibrinogen, vWf, education. SBP, antihypertensive medication, and diabetes. |
| Khan (2010) | Male/Female | 3531 | Total CVD events | 554 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.17) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | NA | Age, sex, BMI, diabetes, SBP, smoking status, hypertension treatment, glomerular filtration rate hemoglobin, serum albumin, and total/HDL ratio. |
| Peacock(2010) | Male/Female | 14,232 | CVD death | 264 | 0.62 (0.42–0.93) | Quartile(IV vs. I) | ≧1.75 vs. ≦1.5 | Age, race, sex, field center, HDL, LDL, TG, serum K, heart rate- adjusted QT interval, PA, smoking, pack-years, ETOH intake, education, diabetes, hypertension, and diuretics use. |
| Reffelmann (2011) | Male/Female | 3910 | CVD death | NA | 0.60(0.41,0.88) † | Intergroup difference | NA | Age, sex, diabetes, smoking status, BMI, glomerular filtration rate, arterial hypertension, use of calcium antagonists, beta blocker, diuretics, statins, and ACE and angiotensin-receptor inhibitors. |
BMI = body mass index; HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI = myocardial infarction; PA = physical activity; SBP = systolic blood pressure; WHR = waist/hip ratio.
*
Mg/d for dietary magnesium intake and mEq/L for serum magnesium concentrations.
†
Recalculate from primal studies.