TABLE II.
Distribution of covariates by childhood wheeze and cord blood IgE level*
| Repeated wheeze in offspring† (n = 510) |
Increased IgE level in offspring‡ (n = 455) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 510) | No (n = 437) | Yes (n = 73) | P value§ | All (n = 455) | No (n = 358) | Yes (n = 95) | P value§ | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at birth (y [mean ± SD]) |
27 ± 6.1 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | 26.9 ± 5.5 | .65 | 27 ± 5.7 | 26.7 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 6.0 | .15 |
| Nativity status ∥ | .07 | .01 | ||||||
| American born | 169 (33) | 138 (32) | 31 (42) | 159 (35) | 115 (32) | 44 (46) | ||
| Foreign born | 341 (67) | 299 (68) | 42 (58) | 296 (65) | 245 (68) | 51 (54) | ||
| Education, no. (%) | .12 | .26 | ||||||
| <High school | 188 (37) | 168 (38) | 20 (27) | 167 (37) | 139 (39) | 28 (30) | ||
| <High school degree | 149 (29) | 127 (29) | 22 (30) | 133 (29) | 102 (28) | 31 (33) | ||
| ≥Some college | 157 (31) | 128 (29) | 29 (40) | 132 (29) | 101 (28) | 31 (33) | ||
| Missing | 16 (3) | 14 (3) | 2(3) | 23 (5) | 18 (5) | 5(5) | ||
| Race, no. (%) | .81 | .003 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 302 (60) | 260 (60) | 42 (58) | 271 (60) | 230 (64) | 41 (43) | ||
| Black | 141 (28) | 122 (28) | 19 (26) | 135 (30) | 95 (26) | 40 (42) | ||
| White | 42 (8) | 35 (8) | 7(10) | 25 (6) | 19(5) | 6(6) | ||
| Other/mixed | 25 (5) | 20 (5) | 5 (7) | 24(5) | 16(5) | 8(8) | ||
| Asthma/atopy, no. (%) | <.01 | .03 | ||||||
| No | 317 (62) | 284 (65) | 33 (45) | 260 (58) | 218 (61) | 47 (50) | ||
| Yes | 178 (35) | 142 (33) | 36 (49) | 160 (35) | 117 (33) | 43 (45) | ||
| Missing | 15 (3) | 11 (3) | 4(6) | 30 (7) | 25 (7) | 5(5) | ||
| Lifetime IPT¶ | .07 | <.005 | ||||||
| Never experienced | 266 (54) | 234 (54) | 32 (44) | 228 (50) | 194 (54) | 34 (36) | ||
| One period | 161 (32) | 137 (31) | 24 (33) | 130 (29) | 96 (27) | 34 (36) | ||
| Chronic IPT | 64 (13) | 49 (11) | 15 (21) | 55 (12) | 38 (11) | 17 (18) | ||
| Missing | 19 (4) | 17 (4) | 2(3) | 42 (9) | 32 (9) | 10(11) | ||
| Smoking, no. (%) | .98 | .91 | ||||||
| No | 430 (84) | 66 (15) | 11 (15) | 388 (85) | 307 (85) | 81 (85) | ||
| Yes | 77 (15) | 368 (84) | 62 (85) | 59 (13) | 47 (13) | 12 (13) | ||
| Missing | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | – | 8 (2) | 6(2) | 2 (2) | ||
| Parental home ownership |
.07 | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 223 (44) | 184 (42) | 39 (53) | 213 (47) | 152 (42) | 61 (64) | ||
| Yes | 287 (56) | 253 (58) | 34 (47) | 242 (53) | 208 (58) | 34 (36) | ||
| Child’s characteristics | ||||||||
| Sex, no. (%) | .01 | .65 | ||||||
| Male | 248 (49) | 214 (49) | 48 (66) | 230 (51) | 180 (50) | 50 (53) | ||
| Female | 262 (51) | 223 (51) | 25 (34) | 225 (50) | 180 (50) | 45 (47) | ||
| Season of birth | .69 | .34 | ||||||
| Winter | 139 (27) | 122 (28) | 17 (23) | 131 (29) | 98 (27) | 33 (35) | ||
| Summer | 111 (22) | 97 (22) | 14 (19) | 89 (20) | 75 (21) | 14 (15) | ||
| Spring | 103 (21) | 88 (20) | 17 (23) | 111 (24) | 87 (24) | 24 (25) | ||
| Fall | 155 (30) | 130 (30) | 25 (34) | 124 (27) | 100 (28) | 24 (25) | ||
| Birth weight, z value for gestational age (mean ± SD) |
−0.26 ± 1.2 | −0.25 ± 1.2 | −0.32 ± 1.3 | .63 | −0.43 ± 1.2 | −0.41 ± 1.2 | 0.53 ± 1.3 | .54 |
| Prenatal exposures | ||||||||
| Discrimination (mean ± SD)# |
1.0 ± 1.6 | 0.99 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | .41 | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | .41 |
| Financial strain** | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 6.3 ± 2.9 | .10 | 5.9 ± 2.7 | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 6.2 ± 2.8 | .26 |
| Community violence (mean ± SD)†† |
0.005 ± 1 | −0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.37 ± 0.9 | <.01 | 0.04 ± 1.0 | −0.03 ± 0.9 | 0.28 ± 1.0 | .01 |
| Other current negative life events (mean ± SD)‡‡ |
1.8 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 2.1 | .001 | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | .03 |
| Allergens (cockroach or mouse), no. % |
1.00 | .81 | ||||||
| No | 262 (51) | 225 (52) | 37 (51) | 239 (53) | 190 (53) | 49 (52) | ||
| Yes | 191 (38) | 164 (38) | 27 (37) | 165 (36) | 133 (37) | 32 (34) | ||
| Missing | 57 (11) | 48 (11) | 9(12) | 51 (11) | 37 (10) | 14 (15) | ||
| Signs of housing deterioration |
.49 | .43 | ||||||
| None | 247 (48) | 217 (50) | 30 (41) | 215 (47) | 166 (46) | 49 (52) | ||
| 1 | 161 (32) | 136 (31) | 25 (34) | 149 (33) | 117 (33) | 32 (34) | ||
| 2 | 80 (16) | 65 (15) | 15 (21) | 70 (15) | 58 (16) | 12 (13) | ||
| ≥3 | 22 (4) | 19 (4) | 3 (4) | 21 (5) | 19 (5) | 2(2) | ||
| Traffic-related air pol- lution (mean ± SD)§§ |
1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | .02 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | <.001 |
Percentage might add to more than 100 because numbers were rounded up.
Defined as maternal reports of repeated incidents of wheeze or whistling in the chest in children up to age 2 years.
Defined as cord blood level at or greater than 1.37 IU/mL.
For differences between nonmissing multigroup comparisons using ANOVA and χ2 distribution when applicable.
Less than 4% of the Latino sample were born in Puerto Rico. These were considered US born.
Derived from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.21 IPT was a 3-category interval variable: (1) unexposed, (2) 1 time period (during childhood or teenage years only or during adulthood and/or the index pregnancy only), or (3) exposure in both time periods.
Assessed by using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale.23
Based on a 3-item index of economic difficulties.24
Assessed through the modified version of the My Exposure to Violence survey.25
Assessed through the Crisis in Family Systems (CRISYS) survey.27
Black carbon exposure was estimated on the basis of the mother’s residence during pregnancy by using a validated spatiotemporal land-use regression model.32