Table 1.
Mean raw scores (SD) for intervention and waiting control groups for primary and secondary outcome measures at screening (t0), preintervention (t1), immediately postintervention (t5), and at delayed follow-up (t6; with effect sizes for intervention effects)
| Intervention | Waiting control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliability | M | SD | M | SD | Cohen’s d | |
| Age (years;months) | ||||||
| Screening t0 | n/a | 4;0 | 0;4 | 4;0 | 0;4 | |
| Postintervention t5 | n/a | 5;3 | 0;4 | 5;3 | 0;3 | |
| Delayed follow-up t6 | n/a | 5;8 | 0;4 | 5;9 | 0;3 | |
| Screening/pretest only | ||||||
| CELF-RS t0 (37) | .88a | 7.26 | 5.58 | 7.56 | 5.99 | |
| PSRep t0 (36) | .89a | 26.02 | 6.41 | 26.94 | 5.33 | |
| Primary outcomes | ||||||
| CELF-EV | ||||||
| t0 (40) | .82a | 12.60 | 6.09 | 12.37 | 5.97 | |
| t 5 (70) | 32.16 | 10.02 | 27.84 | 9.60 | .681 | |
| t 6 (70) | 36.27 | 8.54 | 32.17 | 9.14 | .641 | |
| CELF-SS | ||||||
| t1 (22) | .78a | 10.15 | 4.06 | 10.20 | 4.45 | |
| t5 (34) | 23.45 | 5.16 | 22.86 | 4.50 | .151 | |
| APT information | ||||||
| t1 (40) | .98b | 20.65 | 6.16 | 21.06 | 5.87 | |
| t5 | 31.40 | 4.91 | 29.65 | 4.88 | .361 | |
| t6 | 31.37 | 4.73 | 28.90 | 5.08 | .481 | |
| APT grammar | ||||||
| t1 (37) | .92b | 12.09 | 5.41 | 14.44 | 5.26 | |
| t5 | 24.60 | 5.43 | 22.05 | 5.71 | .921 | |
| t6 | 25.11 | 4.98 | 21.60 | 5.15 | 1.101 | |
| Listening comprehension | ||||||
| t1 (16) | .99b | 3.05 | 2.43 | 3.14 | 2.99 | |
| t5 (16) | 6.41 | 3.34 | 5.59 | 3.33 | .331 | |
| t6 (14) | 7.57 | 3.00 | 6.11 | 2.75 | .571 | |
| Narrative MLUw | ||||||
| t1 | .90b | 4.28 | 1.96 | 4.74 | 1.66 | |
| t5 | 6.81 | 2.16 | 6.79 | 1.78 | .271 | |
| t6 | 7.62 | 1.95 | 7.81 | 2.38 | .151 | |
| Narrative NW | ||||||
| t1 | .99b | 50.50 | 32.77 | 55.25 | 34.80 | |
| t5 | 102.81 | 47.97 | 86.58 | 38.57 | .621 | |
| t6 | 113.15 | 44.52 | 101.51 | 45.10 | .481 | |
| Narrative NDW | ||||||
| t1 | .99b | 12.49 | 7.16 | 13.27 | 6.93 | |
| t5 | 26.23 | 9.97 | 23.15 | 8.85 | .551 | |
| t6 | 27.36 | 8.86 | 24.42 | 9.68 | .531 | |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Alliteration matching | ||||||
| t1 (10) | 3.72 | 2.31 | 4.31 | 2.18 | ||
| t5 | 7.17 | 2.28 | 6.59 | 2.28 | .521 | |
| Sound isolation | ||||||
| t1 (12) | .88a | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.87 | |
| t5 | 5.83 | 3.70 | 5.46 | 3.56 | .132 | |
| Segm/Blen/Del t6 (18) | .89a | 8.42 | 4.11 | 7.55 | 4.32 | .212 |
| Letter knowledge | ||||||
| t1 (17) | .95a | 1.36 | 1.70 | 1.35 | 2.35 | |
| t5 (17) | 13.62 | 3.68 | 12.50 | 3.53 | .541 | |
| t6 (32) | 27.94 | 5.59 | 26.88 | 5.60 | .511 | |
| Early word reading | ||||||
| t1 (30) | .98a | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.18 | |
| t5 | 7.73 | 6.34 | 6.68 | 6.98 | .162 | |
| t6 | 11.94 | 7.03 | 11.57 | 8.73 | .052 | |
| Text reading accuracy (errors) t6 | .75c | 8.57 | 5.41 | 8.32 | 5.84 | −.052 |
| Reading comprehension t6 (8) | .77a | 4.80 | 1.58 | 3.91 | 1.83 | .522 |
| Spelling | ||||||
| t3 (68) | .95a | 4.07 | 5.20 | 5.42 | 7.59 | |
| t5 (68) | 35.75 | 18.17 | 31.78 | 18.24 | .821 | |
| t6 (136) | 70.86 | 30.21 | 69.94 | 32.44 | .351 | |
| General cognitive ability | ||||||
| WPPSI block design | .84d | 9.00 | 2.65 | 8.91 | 3.02 | |
(), maximum raw scores; RS, recalling sentences; EV, expressive vocabulary; SS, sentence structure; WS, word structure; APT, Action Picture Tests; MLUw, mean length of utterance words; NW, number of words; NDW, number of different words; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
Reliability: aCronbach’s alpha; bInterrater reliability; cCorrelation between parallel test forms; dSplit-half reliability.
Cohen’s d: 1Difference in progress between groups divided by pooled initial SD; 2Difference in means divided by pooled SD; t3 Spelling scores given as baseline as not tested at t0 or t1.