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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Cell Biol. 2011;101:111–141. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387036-0.00005-0

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Phospholipase activity is required for proper zebrafish development. (A) Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mRNA levels and PLA2 enzymatic activity were quantified from whole embryo lysates during early stages of zebrafish development. cPLA2 expression peaks during somitogenesis (10 h) while enzymatic activity steadily increases as development proceeds. PLA2 activity is required to generate prostaglandins. (B) Blocking prostaglandin production during early zebrafish development through inhibition of prostaglandin–endoperoxide synthase (Ptgs1) via morpholino knockdown results in developmental arrest at epiboly. Developmental arrest can be rescued by adding back the exogenous enzyme product (PGE2). Reproduced with permission by Development (Speirs et al., 2010). (C) Embryos exposed to the PGE2 analog (16,16-dimethyl-PGE2; dmPGE2) exhibit increased expression of runx11 and cmyb1 as evidenced by in situ hybridization. These genes are expressed in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta in a region analogous to the mammalian aorta–gonad–mesonephros and are required for mammalian hematopoietic stem cell development. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: Nature (North et al., 2007). Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Nature 447, 1007–11, copyright 2007.