Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for the complete covariate list (N ≈ 718).

Variables	N	% N	Mean	Sd	Min	Max	Male	Female
Fundamental causes/background
Age at Wave 1	715	100	11.09	[0.82]	10	13	11.13	11.05
Age at Wave 6	643	90	16.21	[0.88]	14	18	16.25	16.18
Female respondent	718	100	0.50	[0.50]	0	1	0.00	1.00
Income below $25,000	702	98	0.44	[0.50]	0	1	0.44	0.45
Education:<high school	715	100	0.17	[0.38]	0	1	0.16	0.19
Education: high school	715	100	0.36	[0.48]	0	1	0.38	0.35
Education: some college/degree	715	100	0.46	[0.50]	0	1	0.46	0.47
Employment: full time	716	100	0.58	[0.49]	0	1	0.57	0.58
Employment: part-time	716	100	0.10	[0.30]	0	1	0.10	0.10
Employment: unemployed	716	100	0.18	[0.39]	0	1	0.17	0.20
Employment: other	716	100	0.14	[0.35]	0	1	0.16	0.12
Stressors
Financial strain (z)	659	92	0.00	[1.00]	−1	4	0.02	−0.02
Negative events (z)	709	99	0.00	[1.00]	−2	4	−0.03	0.02
Perceived discrimination (z)	706	98	−0.01	[1.00]	−1	4	0.03	−0.05
Parent discrimination (z)	626	87	0.00	[0.99]	−2	3	−0.06	0.06
Parent alcohol abuse (ever)	711	99	0.64	[0.48]	0	1	0.65	0.62
Parent major depression (ever)	711	99	0.19	[0.39]	0	1	0.17	0.21
Support
Family structure: married	714	99	0.32	[0.47]	0	1	0.34	0.31
Family structure: partnered	714	99	0.26	[0.44]	0	1	0.25	0.28
Family structure: never married	714	99	0.22	[0.41]	0	1	0.18	0.26
Family structure: sep/div/widowed	714	99	0.19	[0.40]	0	1	0.23	0.15
Child-parent warmth/approval (z)	715	100	0.00	[1.00]	−4	2	−0.04	0.05
Parent–parent warmth/support (z)	716	100	0.00	[1.00]	−4	2	−0.12	0.12
Positive school experiences (z)	710	99	−0.01	[1.00]	−2	2	0.07	−0.09
Psychosocial
Positive school attitudes (z)	713	99	−0.01	[1.00]	−3	1	−0.06	0.04
Feelings of anger (z)	716	100	−0.01	[0.99]	−2	3	−0.01	0.00
Depressive symptoms (z)	699	97	−0.01	[0.99]	−2	3	−0.08	0.06
Friend delinquency (z)	663	92	−0.01	[1.00]	−1	3	−0.01	0.00
Outcomes
Marijuana use at age 11	470	65	0.07	[0.42]	0	5	0.04	0.09
Marijuana use at age 14	611	85	1.26	[1.93]	0	6	1.25	1.28
Marijuana abuse/dependence	652	91	0.27	[0.45]	0	1	0.28	0.27