Table 2.
Variables | Bivariate |
M1 |
M2 |
M3 |
M4 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Ad. | Early | Ad. | Early | Ad. | Early | Ad. | Early | Ad. | |
Fundamental causes/backgroundb | ||||||||||
Female respondent | 2.16** | 1.26 | 2.23*** | 1.27 | 2.14** | 1.22 | 2.06 | 1.27 | 2.11 | 1.29 |
(3.47) | (1.19) | (3.53) | (1.22) | (3.33) | (1.00) | (3.16) | (1.17) | (3.14) | (1.26) | |
Stressorsc | ||||||||||
Negative events (z) | 1.47** | ←a | 1.36*** | ← | 1.46*** | ← | 1.30** | ← | 1.14 | ← |
(4.81) | (3.59) | (4.24) | (2.78) | (1.22) | ||||||
Perceived discrimination (z) | 1.50** | 1.12 | 1.35** | 1.01 | 1.38** | 1.03 | 1.26* | 1.01 | 1.15 | .97 |
(4.00) | (1.27) | (2.85) | (.06) | (3.05) | (.31) | (2.06) | (.07) | (1.25) | (.27) | |
Parent alcohol abuse (ever) | 1.77** | 1.57* | 1.51* | 1.40+ | ← | 1.39+ | ← | |||
(3.34) | ← | (2.47) | ← | (2.24) | ← | (1.81) | (1.73) | |||
Parent major depression (ever) | 1.60* | ← | 1.35 | ← | 1.29 | 1.26 | ← | 1.20 | ← | |
(2.42) | (1.40) | (1.21) | ← | (1.07) | (.83) | |||||
Support d | ||||||||||
Positive school experiences (z) | .84* | ← | .76** | ← | .85+ | ← | .85+ | ← | ||
(2.16) | (3.05) | (1.70) | (1.66) | |||||||
Psychosocial | ||||||||||
Positive school attitudes (z) | .70*** | ← | .84+ | ← | .92 | ← | ||||
(.00) | (1.84) | (.84) | ||||||||
Feelings of anger (z) | 1.48*** | 1.30** | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.15 | ||||
(3.62) | (2.77) | (.85) | (1.22) | (.78) | (1.39) | |||||
Depressive symptoms (z) | 2.01*** | 1.36** | 1.49** | 1.11 | 1.24 | 1.07 | ||||
(5.47) | (2.91) | (2.79) | (.88) | (1.41) | (.59) | |||||
Friend delinquency (z) | 2.80*** | 1.61*** | 2.30*** | 1.44** | ||||||
(8.41) | (4.69) | (6.11) | (3.23) | |||||||
Intercepts | ||||||||||
Early-onset | −1.59*** | −1.24*** | −1.60*** | −1.25*** | −1.66*** | −1.24*** | −1.80*** | −1.22*** | ||
(13.89) | (12.48) | (14.00) | (12.43) | (13.60) | (12.25) | (13.35) | (12.02) |
Notes: Variables are entered in groups in models M1–M4. Coefficients for the intercepts are multinomial logit coefficients; other coefficients are relative risk ratios (eb).
t-Ratios are presented in parentheses.
Arrows (“←”) indicate that the parameter has been fixed across the early- and adolescent-onset equations.
The other background variables were not statistically significant so they have been excluded.
Financial strain and parent perceived discrimination were not statistically significant.
The other support variables were not statistically significant.
p < .1.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001 (two-tailed).