Figure 3.

Differences in endogenous connectivity for native and non-native speakers. Top, The auditory suppression connections, from PrC to PT and aSTG, are rendered along with the “bottom-up” connection (in predictive coding), from PT to aSTG. Bottom, The two potential auditory feedback connections, from PT and aSTG to PrC, are rendered along with the “top-down” connection (for details, see Discussion), from aSTG to PT. Connection strengths are illustrated using bar plots, with native speakers (light gray) on the left and non-native speakers (dark gray) on the right. Error bars indicate SEs. Asterisks show significant p values at p < 0.05 (two-tailed).