Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics and Responses of All Insulin-Naïve Subjects

Demographic Characteristics
	All Insulin-Naïve N = 136	Latino N = 94	African-American N = 34	p*
Age (years); Mean ± SD	51.1 ± 10.3	49.9 ± 10.4	54.6 ± 8.4	0.02
Gender (Female/Male); n (%)**	77 (57) / 58 (43)	56 (60) / 38 (40)	16 (47) / 18 (53)	0.21†
Race (Latino/African-American/Other); n (%)	94 (69) / 34 (25) / 8 (6)	94 (69)	34 (25)	--
Diabetes Duration (years); Mean ± SD	6.9 ± 6.9	6.9 ± 5.4	6.8 ± 10.5	0.25
Monthly Household Income; median score (IQR) a	2 (2,3)	2 (2,3)	2 (1,3)	0.29
Years in the U.S.; median score (IQR) b	3 (2,3)	3 (2,3)	3 (3,3)	0.001
Highest Education Achieved; median score (IQR) c	2 (1,2)	1 (1,2)	3 (2,3)	<0.001
PIR Survey Responses
Willingness to Use Insulin; median score (IQR) d	3 (2,4)	4 (2,4)	3 (1,4)	0.047
Respondents Completely Unwilling; n (%) e	57 (48)	44 (53)	9 (30)	0.03†
PIR Domains; median scores (IQR) f
Expected Harm: "I’ve heard that taking insulin can cause problems, like blindness"	3 (2,5)	3 (2,5)	5 (3,5)	0.004
Illness Severity: "Taking insulin means my diabetes will become a more serious disease"	2 (1,2)	1 (1,2)	2 (1.5,3)	0.006
Restrictiveness: "Taking insulin will restrict my life; it would be harder to travel, or eat out, or even have a life!"	2 (2,4)	2 (1,3)	4 (2,5)	<0.001
Lack of Fairness: "I've done everything I was supposed to do, so if I had to take insulin, that just wouldn’t be fair"	2 (2,5)	2 (2,3)	5 (2.5,5)	<0.001
Anticipated Pain: "I don’t think I could take the needle every day; it would be just too painful"	2 (1,4)	2 (1,3)	2.5 (2,5)	0.01
Hypoglycemia: "Taking insulin might cause serious problems with low blood sugars"	2 (2,4)	2 (1,3.5)	4 (2,5)	<0.001
Low Self-Efficacy: "I'm not confident I could handle the demands of insulin, like deciding how much to take and when to take it"	2 (2,4)	2 (2,4)	3 (2,5)	0.09
Personal Failure: "Taking insulin means I had failed, that I hadn’t done a good enough job taking care of my diabetes"	2 (1,3)	2 (1,2)	3 (2,5)	<0.001
Permanence: "I’ve heard that once you start insulin, you can never quit"	2 (1,4)	2 (1,3)	4 (2,5)	<0.001
Negative Belief Scoreg; Mean ± SD	6.3 ± 2.7	6.9 ± 2.4	4.6 ± 2.6	<0.001

^*p value for comparison between Latino and African-American subgroups: by Student’s t-test for age, by

^†χ² test for categorical variables, and by Mann-Whitney test for all other variables.

^**One insulin-naïve respondent did not report gender.

^aMonthly income rank scores assigned as: 1 = $0 – $199, 2 = $200 – $1,000, 3 = Over $1,000.

^bYears in the U.S. rank scores assigned as: 1 = Less than 5 years, 2 = 5 – 15 years, 3 = Over 15 years.

^cHighest education rank scores assigned as: 0 = No formal education, 1 = Grade 1 – 7, 2 = Grade 8 – 12, 3 = Beyond grade 12.

^dWillingness rank scores assigned as: 1 = Very willing, 2 = Moderately willing, 3 = Slightly willing, 4 = Not willing at all.

^eExcluding all non-responders to this question: 17 subjects overall (11 Latinos, 4 African-Americans, 2 Other race, not shown)

^fAgreement rank scores for each PIR domain assigned as: 1 = Strongly agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Mildly agree, 4 = Mildly disagree, 5 = Disagree, 6 = Strongly disagree.

^gNegative belief score is defined as the number of PIR domains for which there is any agreement (possible range 0 to 9).

IQR, interquartile range; PIR, psychological insulin resistance.