Table 5.
Scores and effect sizes for neuropsychological performancea over 2 years, BD subjects versus mentally healthy comparators
| Cognitive domain | Time, year | BD (n=47) | Comparators (n=22) | Cohen's d | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed memory | 0 | −0.97 (0.14) | −0.04 (0.21) | 0.98 | (0.44–1.52) |
| 1 | −0.86 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.17) | 1.17 | (0.62–1.73) | |
| 2 | −1.12 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.17) | 1.41 | (0.84–1.98) | |
| Information processing speed/ | 0 | −1.16 (0.13) | −0.03 (0.18) | 1.33 | (0.76–1.89) |
| executive function | 1 | −1.12 (0.12) | −0.01 (0.17) | 1.41 | (0.84–1.98) |
| 2 | −1.32 (0.26) | −0.01 (0.34) | 0.81 | (0.28–1.34) | |
| Language | 0 | −0.27 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.16) | 0.39 | (−0.13 to 0.90) |
| 1 | −0.37 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.18) | 0.46 | (−0.06 to 0.98) | |
| 2 | −0.50 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.68 | (0.15–1.21) | |
| Visuomotor ability | 0 | −0.73 (0.16) | −0.01 (0.23) | 0.67 | (0.15–1.20) |
| 1 | −1.06 (0.15) | −0.25 (0.20) | 0.86 | (0.32–1.39) | |
| 2 | −1.16 (0.18) | −0.24 (0.23) | 0.84 | (0.30–1.37) | |
| Global score | 0 | −0.68 (0.09) | −0.01 (0.14) | 1.07 | (0.53–1.62) |
| 1 | −0.77 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.11) | 1.41 | (0.84–1.98) | |
| 2 | −0.91 (0.13) | −0.07 (0.17) | 1.03 | (0.48–1.57) |
Data are given as least squares mean (standard error) and as effect size (95% CI).
BD, Bipolar disorder; CI, confidence interval.
a
Controlling for age and education.