Type-I interferon signaling is critical for antitumor effects of intratumoral LPS. Survival (tumor <1.0 cm in any diameter) of (a) C57BL/6 or (b) IFNAR−/− mice (n = 8/group) bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) tumors following treatment with three intratumoral doses of LPS (200 µg/50 µl) or PBS (50 µl), starting on day 7 (days 7, 9, 11). (c) Tumors from either C57BL/6 (in a) or IFNAR−/− (in b) were harvested 1 day after the second injection (day 10) and analyzed for CD11b+F4/80+IAb+ macrophages by flow cytometry (n = 3/group). Macrophage percentages were determined relative to the total number of CD45+ cells in the tumor and are shown as mean ± SD. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; N.S., not significant; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.