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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Nov 10;349(2):222–231. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.027

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Betaine is a biochemical component of intracellular methionine metabolism. Exogenous betaine supplementation can elevate intracellular SAM, a universal methyl donor, and glutathione levels through modulating intracellular methionine metabolism. SAM, S-adenosyl methionine; SAH, S-adenosyl homocysteine; MAT, methionine adenosyltransferase; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; SAHH, SAH hydrolase; MS, methionine synthase; CBS, cystathionine beta synthase.