Table 1.
Mean peak values of measures for which a significant drug effect was detected.
| Outcome Measure | F (6,48) | PLC | OXY 20 | OXY 40 | TRAM 200 | TRAM 400 | CODE 100 | CODE 200 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiological Effects | ||||||||
| Expired CO2 | 7.0 | 38.1 (0.7) | 42.2 (0.8) | 44.1 (1.4) | 41.3 (1.3) | 42.9 (1.6) | 39.3 (0.6) | 40.2 (1.0) |
| Pupil Diameter | 34.5 | 5.2 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.2) | 2.5 (0.1) | 4.5 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.2) |
| Respiration Rate | 3.2 | 13.9 (0.8) | 12.4 (0.6) | 11.9 (0.7) | 12.3 (0.5) | 12.3 (0.5) | 13.7 (0.7) | 12.4 (0.8) |
| Subjective Effects | ||||||||
| Visual Analog Scales | ||||||||
| Drug Effect | 10.7 | 0.1 (0.1) | 42.1 (8.8) | 48.6 (6.6) | 26.2 (8.1) | 39.9 (6.3) | 16.9 (5.2) | 42.1 (9.8) |
| High | 9.7 | 0.0 (0.0) | 40.8 (9.6) | 47.7 (7.0) | 23.6 (8.8) | 40.2 (6.7) | 15.9 (5.3) | 36.2 (10.2) |
| Good Drug Effect | 10.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 42.2 (8.9) | 48.1 (6.1) | 24.7 (8.8) | 35.7 (8.2) | 15.3 (5.2) | 36.7 (9.8) |
| Like Drug Effect | 9.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 48.4 (9.2) | 53.6 (7.3) | 26.2 (10.0) | 36.9 (9.0) | 15.1 (5.2) | 37.9 (10.6) |
| Bad Drug Effect | 5.9 | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.7) | 4.1 (3.1) | 2.9 (2.4) | 22.2 (6.9) | 2.2 (1.3) | 17.2 (6.5) |
| Street Value | 6.7 | 0.2 (0.2) | 20.0 (7.2) | 19.9 (4.2) | 12.3 (6.1) | 15.4 (4.4) | 8.3 (4.2) | 17.8 (5.5) |
| Participant Side Effects | ||||||||
| Agonist Sub-Scale | 5.6 | 4.9 (0.9) | 13.1 (2.1) | 13.6 (2.1) | 9.8 (1.8) | 11.8 (1.9) | 8.1 (1.5) | 12.1 (2.5) |
| Itchy Skin | 9.1 | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.5) |
| Turning Stomach | 3.3 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.4) |
| Nodding | 4.6 | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.3) |
| Relaxed | 3.9 | 0.9 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.4) |
| Talkative | 2.8 | 0.1 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.4) |
| Drive | 2.6 | 0.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) |
| Carefree | 2.6 | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.4) |
| Yawning | 2.4 | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) |
| Sick to Stomach | 2.4 | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) |
| Observer-Rated Effects | ||||||||
| Observer Adjectives | ||||||||
| Agonist Sub-Scale | 13.8 | 5.0 (0.4) | 10.2 (1.4) | 13.4 (1.0) | 7.6 (1.1) | 9.4 (1.1) | 7.1 (0.6) | 11.0 (1.1) |
| Itchy Skin | 8.8 | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.4) |
| Nodding | 2.8 | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.3) |
| Talkative | 4.5 | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.7 (0.2) |
| Heavy | 3.0 | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.2) |
| Ocular Task | ||||||||
| Flicker Fusion #1 | 8.9 | 36.5 (1.2) | 33.1 (1.2) | 33.1 (1.2) | 34.7 (1.4) | 32.7 (1.9) | 35.8 (1.5) | 33.9 (1.5) |
| Flicker Fusion #2 | 6.9 | 35.9 (1.5) | 33.0 (1.3) | 33.0 (1.3) | 34.9 (1.6) | 31.9 (2.2) | 35.4 (1.5) | 33.1 (1.7) |
All measures were analyzed as peak maximum score, with the exception of pupil diameter, respiration rate and both Flicker Fusion means (which are trough or minimum scores). Values are mean peak scores and standard error of the mean for placebo (PLC), oxycodone (OXY), tramadol (TRAM) and codeine (CODE) (numbers next to drug abbreviations are doses expressed in mg). Bolded values indicate the mean is significantly different from the corresponding placebo value (p < 0.5, Dunnett post-hoc).