Table 1.

Subject demographics

Demographic variable	Subjects with bipolar disorder (N=32)	Healthy controls (N=32)	Group difference
Age (Mean ± SD)	37.9±11.9	38.3±12.9	p=0.91 t=0.12
N Female (%)	20 (60.6)	19 (59.4)	p=1.00
Education levela	3.0±0.6	3.2±0.6	p=0.35
Race			p=0.21
N Caucasian (%)	23 (71.9)	23 (71.9)	-
N Asian (%)	2 (6.3)	6 (18.8)	-
N African American (%)	6 (18.8)	3 (9.4)	-
N Other (%)	1 (3.1)	0 (0)	-
HAMDb	4.5±2.3	-	-
YMRSc	1.8±2.2	-	-
Duration of Illness (years)	19.1±12.4	-	-
Age at Onset	17.1±6.5	-	-
Prior Manias	8.8±11.4	-	-
Prior depressions	10.6±18.8	-	-
Prior hospitalizations	2.5±2.7	-	-
N with a history of psychosis (%)	16 (48.5)	-	-
Months Euthymic	17.9±22.3	-	-
Patient medications
N Unmedicated (%)	10 (31)	-	-
N Lithium (%)*	0 (0)	-	-
N Anticonvulsantsd (%)	14 (44)	-	-
N Antipsychoticse (%)	15 (47)	-	-
N Antidepressantsf (%)	4 (13)	-	-

^aEducational level for each subject was rated on a four-point scale (1, grade 8 or less; 2, grade 9–12; 3, 1–4 years of college or university; 5, five or more years of college or university);

^bHamilton Depression Rating Scale;

^cYoung Mania Rating Scale;

^dincludes treatment with Divalproex sodium (N=5), Lamotrigine (N=10), Oxcarbazepine (N=1) or Carbamazepine (N=2);

^eincludes treatment with Aripiprazole (N=8), Risperidone (N=1), Ziprasidone (N=1), Olanzapine (N=3), Quetiapine (N=4);

^fincludes treatment with Paroxetine (N=1), Fluoxetine (N=2), Citalopram (N=1), Escitalopram (N=1),Venlafaxine (N=1),Bupropion (N=2),Trazodone (N=1);

^gincludes treatment with Temazepam (N=1). Months euthymic indicated time euthymic prior to scanning. All p values indicate 2-tailed significance levels.

^*Although no patients in the current study were taking lithium at the time of scanning, (25%) were documented as having lifetime exposure to this medication.