Table 1.
List of molecules involved in the TLR3 pathway, with experimental evidence
| No. | Gene | Protein | Positive (+) or negative (-) regulator | In vitro study: cell type | In vivo model? | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | TLR3 | TLR3 | + | HEK293; human dermal fibroblasts; iPSC-derived CNS cells | mouse; human | 8, 9, 12, 32, 118 |
| 2 | UNC93B1 | UNC93B | + | HEK293; mouse macrophages; human dermal fibroblasts; iPSC-derived CNS cells | mouse, human | 13, 60, 61 |
| 3 | TICAM1 | TRIF | + | HEK293; human dermal fibroblasts | human | 67, 68, 149 |
| TRIS | + | HEK293 | none | 104 | ||
| 4 | TRAF3 | TRAF3 | + | Human dermal fibroblasts, HEK293; RAW cells | human | 79, 150 |
| 5 | TBK1 | TBK1 | + | HEK293; mouse embryonic fibroblasts; human dermal fibroblasts | human | 14, 75, 76 |
| 6 | NEMO | NEMO | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts; human dermal fibroblasts | human | 117, 159 |
| 7 | IRF3 | IRF3 | + | mouse macrophages | none | 74 |
| 8 | CHUK | IKBKA/IKKa | + | HEK293 | none | 85 |
| 9 | IKBKB | IKKb | + | HEK293 | none | 85 |
| 10 | IKBKE | IKKe | + | HEK293 | none | 75 |
| 11 | NFKB1 | NFKB | + | HEK293; human monocyte-derived dendritic cells | none | 85 |
| 12 | NFKB2 | NFKB | + | HEK293; human monocyte-derived dendritic cells | none | 85 |
| 13 | NFKBIA | IkBa | + | HEK293 | mouse; human | 85 |
| 14 | RELA | NFKB | + | HEK293; human esophageal epithelial cells | none | 85 |
| 15 | AZI2 | NAP1 | + | HEK293 | none | 77 |
| 16 | TBKBP1 | SINTBAD | + | HEK293 | none | 92 |
| 17 | CAMK2A | CAMKII | + | murine macrophages; HEK293 | none | 96 |
| 18 | CC2D1A | TAPE | + | HEK293 | none | 88 |
| 19 | DDX3X | DDX3X | + | HEK293 | none | 95 |
| 20 | ELMOD2 | ELMOD2 | + | A549 human adenocarcinoma cell line; human primary macrophages | none | 101 |
| 21 | GAB1 | GAB1 | + | mouse macrophages, mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 98 |
| 22 | HMGB1 | HMGB | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 99 |
| 23 | HMGB2 | HMGB | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 99 |
| 24 | HMGB3 | HMGB | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 99 |
| 25 | RIPK1 | RIP1 | + | HEK293; mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 80 |
| 26 | TRADD | TRADD | + | HEK293; mouse embryonic fibroblasts | mouse | 93, 94 |
| 27 | TRAF2 | TRAF2 | + | HEK293 | none | 87 |
| 28 | TRAF6 | TRAF6 | + | HEK293 | none | 82, 87 |
| 29 | ZMYND11 | BS69 | + | HEK293; HeLa | none | 86 |
| 30 | TAB2 | TAB2 | + | HEK293 | none | 83 |
| 31 | NR2C2 | TAK1 | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts; HEK293 | none | 83, 84 |
| 32 | PELI1 | PELI1 | + | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | mouse | 106 |
| 33 | MSR1 | SCARA1 | + | Human monocytoid THP-1 cells; human foreskin fibroblasts | none | 103 |
| 34 | TRIM56 | TRIM56 | + | HeLa, HEK293, Huh7.5 | none | 102 |
| 35 | EGFR | EGFR | + | HEK293; HT1080 cells; mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 64 |
| 36 | SRC | Src | + | HEK293; human monocyte-derived dendritic cells; HeLa | none | 63 |
| 37 | PIK3CA | PI3K | + | HEK293 | none | 65, 66 |
| 38 | TRIL | TRIL | + | HEK293; U373 (human glioblastoma astrocytoma) | none | 89 |
| 39 | RFTN1 | RAFTLIN | HEK293, HeLa | none | 97 | |
| 40 | TANK | TANK | HEK293 | mouse | 90, 91 | |
| 41 | TRIM21 | TRIM21/Ro52 | HEK293 | none | 100, 105 | |
| 42 | OTUD5 | DUBA | - | HEK293 | none | 116 |
| 43 | PTPN11 | SHP-2 | - | mouse macrophages, RAW264.7, mouse embryonic fibroblasts | none | 107 |
| 44 | LRRFIP1 | TRIP | - | HEK293; mouse macrophages | none | 115 |
| 45 | PIAS4 | PIASγ | - | HEK293 | none | 113 |
| 46 | TNFAIP3 | A20 | - | HEK293 | mouse | 110, 111 |
| 47 | SARM1 | SARM1 | - | HEK293 | none | 112 |
| 48 | SIKE1 | SIKE | - | HEK293 | none | 114 |
| 49 | TNFAIP8L2 | TIPE2 | - | mouse dendritic cells | mouse | 65 |
| 50 | TRAF1 | TRAF1 | - | HEK293 | none | 108 |
| 51 | TRAF4 | TRAF4 | - | HEK293 | none | 109 |