Table 2.
12-month change in lean mass, appendicular lean mass (ALM)† and Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI)⍰ among participants, stratified by intervention arm.
| Lean Mass (kg) | ALM (kg) | SMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 mo | Baseline | 12 mo | Baseline | 12 mo | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | %Δ | p* | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
%Δ | p* | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
%Δ | p* | |
| Control | 40.6 (5.3) | 40.5 (5.2) | −0.04 | 17.2 (2.4) | 17.0 (2.4) | −1.2 | 6.25 (0.7) | 6.16 (0.7) | −1.5 | |||
| Exercise | 40.2 (5.3) | 40.2 (4.8) | −0.07 | 0.14 | 17.1 (2.3) | 17.1 (2.3) | −0.12 | 0.003 | 6.27 (0.7) | 6.29 (0.7) | 0.4 | 0.004 |
| Diet | 40.7 (5.1) | 39.6 (4.6) | −2.9 | <0.001 | 17.1 (2.1) | 16.6 (2.1) | −3.1 | 0.02 | 6.32 (0.6) | 6.12 (0.6) | −3.2 | 0.01 |
| Diet + Exercise | 39.6 (4.3) | 39.0 (3.8) | −1.5 | 0.20e | 16.8 (2.0) | 16.6 (2.0) | −1.4 | 0.90d,e | 6.31 (0.7) | 6.24 (0.7) | −1.0 | 0.68d |
*
GEE model. P value comparing the change from baseline to 12 months between each intervention group versus controls, adjusted for age ethnicity, baseline BMI, %calories from protein, total vitamin D intake, and % weight loss.
†
ALM = arms + legs lean mass, measured by DXA
⍰
SMI = ALM/height (m)2
d
p<0.01 comparing diet+ exercise to diet alone
e
p<0.01 comparing diet+ exercise to exercise alone