Table 1.
Causes of stillbirth, neonatal death and early childhood death in Kafue, Zambia from households surveyed between November 2008 and May 2009 (N = 148)
| Total | HIV-exposed | No HIV exposure | HIV exposure unknown | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stillbirth (foetal death ≥28 weeks gestation, n = 50) | ||||
| Intrauterine infection (macerated SB, n = 7) | 13 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
| Birth asphyxia/placental insufficiency | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Cord compromise/prolapse | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Maternal malaria (macerated SB, n = 1) | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Anencephaly | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Induced abortion | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Unknown (macerated SB, n = 6) | 15 | 6 | 8 | 1 |
| Neonatal (≤28 days, n = 38) | ||||
| Infection (n = 14) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| Sepsis | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Meningitis | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Congenital infection | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Prematurity (n = 13) | ||||
| Respiratory distress syndrome prematurity | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Other prematurity | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
| Birth asphyxia/placental insufficiency | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
| Congenital genitourinary abnormality | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Exsanguination | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Early Childhood (>28 days to <2 years, n = 60) | ||||
| Infection (n = 49) | ||||
| Gastroenteritis/enteritis | 15 | 4 | 8 | 3 |
| Pneumonia | 15 | 8 | 6 | 1 |
| Meningitis | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| Malaria | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Cerebral malaria | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Sepsis | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Other CNS infection | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Malnutrition | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Congenital liver disease | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Burns | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Prematurity | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Renal failure | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |