Figure 2.

The stage-based treatment of hepatocelluar carcinoma (modified Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] system)

^*1Extrahepatic manifestation: N1, M1, and vascular invasion

^*2Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) is sometimes used as bridging or downstaging in preparation for liver transplantation.

^*3If TACE fails or is contraindicated, selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) can be considered.

LTX, liver transplantation; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (modified from [16])