Table 2.

Phage Early Proteins Target Various Essential Mechanisms in the Host Bacterial Cell.

Host mechanism	Phage	Host	Phage protein	Host protein	Stage	Effect	Reference(s)
Replication	λ	E.coli	CIII	FtsH	Early	Competitive inhibition of FtsH	[209]
			Gam	RecBCD	delayed early	Inhibition of nuclease and helicase activities	[210]
	77	S. aureus	gp104	DnaI (helicase loader)	Early	Inhibition of host replication	[147]
	Twort	S.aureus	gp168	DnaN	ND	Shutoff of host replication	[147]
	G1	S.aureus	gp240	DnaN	ND	Shutoff of host replication	[147]
	N4	E.coli	gp8	HolA (DNApol III δ subunit)	ND	Shutoff of host replication	[211]
Transcription	φEco32	E.coli 55	gp36 (α factor)	RNAP complex	ND	Rocognition of phage promoters	[153]
	φEco32	E.coli 55	gp79	RNAP complex	Early	Inhibition of host transcription	[153]
	T7	E.coli	gp0.7 C-term	RNAP β’ subunit	Early	Host transcription shutoff	[212]
			gp0.7 N-term	RNAP β and β’ subunits	ND	Efficiency of termination	[213]
			gp0.7 N-term	RNAse III	ND	Processing of T7 mRNA	[214]
			gp0.7 N-term	RNAse E and RhlB	ND	Protection of T7 mRNA from degradation	[215]
			gp2	RNAP β’ subunit	ND	Inhibition of transcription initiation	[216]
	T4	E.coli	Alc	RNAP β subunit	Early	Host transcription shutoff	[217]
			ModA	Both RNAP β subunits	Early	Lower expression of T4 early and host genes	[218]
			AsiA	σ70 factor	Early	Inhibition of σ70 promoter recognition	[219]
			MotA	σ70 factor	Early	Recognition of T4 middle promoters	[219]
			RpbA	RNAP core enzyme	Early/middle	Stimulation of T4 late genes expression	[220]
			Mrh	σ32	Early	Decoy of σ32 from RNAP core	[221]
			Srh	RNAP core enzyme	Early	Decoy of σ32 from RNAP core	[221]
			Srd	RNAP core enzyme	Early	Decoy of σ70/σ38 from RNAP core	[221]
	λ	E.coli	N	RNAP core, NusA,NusG	Early	Antitermination, delayed early transcription	[222]
			Q	RNAP holoenzyme	delayed early	Antitermination, late transcription	[223]
	P2	E.coli	Org	RNAP α subunit	Early	Inhibition of late transcription	[224]
	SPO1	B. subtilis	gp44	RNAP β subunit	Early	Inhibition of host RNAP	[225]
			gp28	RNAP core enzyme	Early	σ factor for middle transcription	[226]
	Xp10	E.coli	P7	RNAP β’ subunit	Early	Inhibition and antitermination of transcription	[227]
	P23-45	T.thermophilus	gp39	RNAP holoenzyme	ND	Shutoff of host transcription	[227]
			gp76	RNAP holoenzyme	ND	Shutoff of host transcription	[227]
Translation	T4	E.coli	ModB	30S ribosomal subunit S1,TF	Early	Promotes binding of mRNAs	[158, 228]
			Alt	EF-Tu, TF	ND	Aminoacyl-tRNAs recruitment	[158, 228]
	T7	E.coli	gp0.7	IF1,IF2,IF3	ND	Helper function for IF2 and IF3	[228]
	φYS40	T.thermophilus	NDa	IF2,IF3	Early	Translation of phages leaderless mRNAs	[155, 156]
Cell division	Rac	E.coli	Kil	FtsZ	Early	Cell division arrest	[161]

^aND: non determined