TABLE 3.
Changes in energy, source of dietary energy, and carbohydrate quality during the run-in period with a high–saturated fatty acid and a high–glycemic index (HS/HGI) reference diet and at the end of a 24-wk dietary intervention1
| After the 24-wk dietary intervention |
||||||
| 4 wk run-in on HS/HGI (n = 511) | HS/HGI (n = 77) | HM/HGI (n = 98) | HM/LGI (n = 101) | LF/HGI (n = 95) | LF/LGI (n = 110) | |
| Energy (MJ) | 8.59 ± 2.112 | −0.22 (−0.74, 0.30)3,a,b | −0.54 (−1.00, −0.08)a,b | −0.31 (−0.76, 0.15)a | −0.83 (−1.30, −0.37)b,c | −1.31 (−1.75, −0.88)c |
| Protein (g/d) | 80.8 ± 20.7 | 1.2 (−4.8, 7.2) | −2.2 (−7.5, 3.1) | 3.4 (−1.9, 8.6) | −0.3 (−5.7, 5.1) | −2.8 (−7.8, 2.2) |
| Fat (% of energy) | 37.9 ± 5.3 | −0.4 (−2.4, 1.6)a | −2.3 (−4.1, −0.5)a,b | −2.2 (−3.9, −0.4)b | −10.4 (−12.2, −8.6)c | −11.8 (−13.5, −10.1)c |
| SFA (% of energy) | 16.5 ± 3.0 | −0.5 (−1.5, 0.6)a | −7.0 (−7.9, −6.0)b | −6.9 (−7.8, −6.0)b | −7.3 (−8.3, −6.4)b,c | −8.2 (−9.1, −7.3)c |
| MUFA (% of energy) | 11.6 ± 2.1 | −0.1 (−1.2, 1.0)a | 4.6 (3.6, 5.6)b | 4.7 (3.7, 5.6)b | −1.8 (−2.8, −0.8)c | −1.9 (−2.8, −1.0)c |
| PUFA (% of energy) | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 0.0 (−0.7, 0.7)a,c | 0.8 (0.2, 1.4)a,b | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7)b | −0.6 (−1.2, 0.0)c | −0.7 (−1.4, −0.2)c |
| Carbohydrates (% of energy) | 43.0 ± 6.5 | −1.0 (−3.1, 1.0)a | 1.9 (0.1, 3.7)b | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4)b | 8.1 (6.3, 9.9)c | 8.5 (6.8, 10.2)c |
| Starch (% of energy) | 24.0 ± 5.8 | −0.2 (−2.0, 1.6)a | 1.4 (−0.2, 3.0)a | 1.9 (1.2, 3.2)a,b | 4.2 (2.6, 5.8)c | 5.1 (3.6, 6.6)c |
| Sugar (% of energy) | 18.8 ± 5.4 | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.8)a | 0.5 (−0.9, 1.9)a | −0.5 (−1.9, 0.8)a | 3.8 (2.4, 5.3)b | 3.5 (2.1, 4.8)b |
| NSP (g/d) | 17.6 ± 5.8 | −0.7 (−2.4, −0.9)a | 0.7 (−0.8, 2.1)a,b | 1.7 (0.3, 3.1)bc | 1.0 (−0.5, 2.5)b,c | 0.3 (−1.1, 1.6)a,b |
| Glycemic index | 63.5 ± 3.6 | 0.5 (−0.7, 1.8)a | −0.2 (−1.3, 1.0)a | −8.3 (−9.4, −7.2)b | 0.9 (−0.3, 2.0)a | −7.2 (−8.3, −6.1)b |
| Glycemic load (% of energy) | 27.2 ± 3.9 | −0.5 (−1.8, 0.9)a | 1.1 (−0.1, 2.3)ab | −2.8 (−4.0, −1.6)c | 5.6 (4.4, 6.8)d | 1.6 (0.5, 2.7)b |
1
HM/HGI, high–monounsaturated fatty acid and HGI diet; HM/LGI, HM and low–glycemic index diet; LF/HGI, low-fat and HGI diet; LF/LGI, LF and LGI diet; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; NSP, nonstarch polysaccharide. Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05 (Bonferroni multiple-range test).
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
Mean; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).