TABLE 4.
Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations at baseline [high–saturated fatty acid and high–glycemic index (HS/HGI) diet] and at follow-up1
| HS/HGI | HM/HGI | HM/LGI | LF/HGI | LF/LGI | P | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)2 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 5.6 (4.8, 6.2) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.3) | 5.6 (5.0, 6.4) | 5.5 (5.0, 6.3) | 5.5 (4.8, 6.3) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 5.3 (4.9, 6.1) | 5.5 (4.6, 6.1) | 5.4 (4.6, 6.1) | 5.3 (4.6, 5.9) | 5.2 (4.6, 5.8) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | −1.2 (−3.1, 0.6) | −3.9 (−5.7, −2.1) | −7.0 (−8.9, −5.0) | −5.7 (−7.4, −4.0) | −6.7 (−8.5, −4.8) | 0.00013 and 0.00064 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)5 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 3.4 (3.0, 4.0) | 3.6 (3.1, 4.1) | 3.6 (3.0, 4.1) | 3.6 (3.1, 4.2) | 3.5 (2.8, 4.1) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 3.4 (3.0, 4.1) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.1) | 3.3 (2.7, 3.9) | 3.4 (2.8, 3.9) | 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | −0.6 (−3.4, 2.1) | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.6) | −7.8 (−10.2, −5.5) | −7.0 (−9.2, −4.8) | −7.0 (−9.5, −4.5) | 0.00053 and 0.00154 |
| Plasma sdLDL (%)6 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 18.8 (12.9, 30.0) | 20.9 (14.2, 31.1) | 20.1 (14.6, 35.5) | 19.2 (12.9, 26.1) | 20.2 (13.2, 31.3) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 20.6 (13.8, 30.7) | 22 (15.8, 37.9) | 21.8 (14.8, 36.7) | 19.5 (12.9, 30.0) | 19.7 (14.3, 35.2) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | +4.3 (−2.0, 10.8) | +9.8 (3.8, 16.0) | +1.9 (−3.7, 7.6) | +5.2 (0.0, 10.6) | +2.4 (−3.4, 8.3) | 0.503 and 0.394 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)7 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.6) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | −2.0 (−4.3, 0.3) | −2.7 (−4.6, −0.9) | −4.3 (−6.3, −2.2) | −5.9 (−7.7, −4.0) | −7.2 (−8.9, −5.5) | 0.00093 and 0.00094 |
| Triacyglycerols (mmol/L)8 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 1.4 (1.0, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.7) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | −0.6 (−7.1, 6.3) | +1.5 (−3.7, 7.0) | −4.8 (−9.6, 0.2) | +2.9 (−2.0, 8.0) | +0.3 (−4.4, 5.2) | 0.743 and 0.344 |
| Total:HDL-cholesterol ratio9 | ||||||
| Baseline [median (IQR)] | 4.2 (3.6, 4.8) | 4.4 (3.7, 4.9) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.0) | 4.2 (3.5, 4.8) | 4.2 (3.3, 4.7) | — |
| Follow-up [median (IQR)] | 4.2 (3.5, 4.8) | 4.3 (3.7, 4.8) | 4.0 (3.3, 4.7) | 4.1 (3.6, 4.8) | 4.1 (3.4, 4.8) | — |
| Percentage change [mean (95% CI)] | +0.6 (−1.5, 2.8) | −2.4 (−4.3, −0.5) | −2.8 (−4.7, −0.9) | +0.1 (−1.7, 2.0) | −0.8 (−1.1, 2.8) | 0.0373 and 0.00434 |
HM/HGI, high–monounsaturated fatty acid and HGI diet; HM/LGI, HM and low–glycemic index diet; LF/HGI, low-fat and HGI diet; LF/LGI, LF and LGI diet; IQR, interquartile range; sdLDL, small dense LDL. Transformations: log(HDL cholesterol), square root(cholesterol), log(triacylglycerol), and square root(total:HDL cholesterol ratio). Outliers were removed. Mean (95% CI) changes were calculated on a transformed scale but expressed as the percentage change from median values at baseline. P values refer to the global test of significance between the groups. Relevant post hoc analysis results are referred to in Results or depicted in Figure 2.
n = 83 (HS/HGI), 109 (HM/HGI), 111 (HM/LGI), 112 (LF/HGI), and 120 (LF/LGI).
From ANCOVA of transformed follow-up measures on transformed baseline measures adjusted for sex, center, and ethnicity and baseline waist, (log)HDL, and age.
Adjusted for weight change.
n = 83 (HS/HGI), 108 (HM/HGI), 112 (HM/LGI), 112 (LF/HGI), and 120 (LF/LGI).
n = 81 (HS/HGI), 108 (HM/HGI), 110 (HM/LGI), 109 (LF/HGI), and 114 (LF/LGI).
n = 87 (HS/HGI), 107 (HM/HGI), 112 (HM/LGI), 108 (LF/HGI), and 104 (LF/LGI).
n = 83 (HS/HGI), 110 (HM/HGI), 108 (HM/LGI), 113 (LF/HGI), and 121 (LF/LGI).
n = 82 (HS/HGI), 108 (HM/HGI), 113 (HM/LGI), 112 (LF/HGI), and 121 (LF/LGI).