Table 1.

New Therapeutic Agents for Celiac Disease and Their Mechanisms of Action

Therapeutic agent	Mechanism of action
Genetically modified gluten	Decreases gluten exposure by transamidation of gliadin
Zonulin inhibitor	Decreases zonulin secretion and inhibits intestinal permeability
Therapeutic vaccine	Creates immune tolerance to gluten fragments and desensitizes celiac disease patients to the toxic effects of gluten
Probiotics	Detoxify gliadin and promote intestinal healing
Tissue transglutaminase inhibitors	Stop tissue transglutaminases from modifying gluten fragments, a process that otherwise triggers the immune response